Sample characteristics
| Experiment 1 | Experiment 2 | |||
| Adults (n=2352) | Adolescents (n=480) | Adults (n=2445) | Adolescents (n=489) | |
| % | % | % | % | |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 13–17 | – | 100 | – | 100 |
| 18–25 | 15.2 | – | 17.5 | – |
| 26–34 | 14.5 | – | 16.0 | – |
| 35–44 | 16.7 | – | 16.2 | – |
| 45–54 | 18.2 | – | 17.3 | – |
| 55–64 | 21.6 | – | 19.4 | – |
| 65+ | 13.7 | – | 13.6 | – |
| Male | 45.0 | 50.0 | 45.5 | 49.0 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 67.1 | 79.2 | 67.2 | 82.4 |
| Black or African-American | 21.6 | 14.0 | 22.3 | 11.5 |
| American Indian or Alaska native | 3.9 | 1.3 | 3.6 | 1.0 |
| Asian or Pacific islander | 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 0.6 |
| Other | 5.0 | 3.5 | 4.6 | 4.5 |
| Hispanic | 8.7 | 6.7 | 8.1 | 5.7 |
| Education | ||||
| <High school | 12.0 | 4.8 | 9.6 | 5.1 |
| High school diploma or equivalent | 26.2 | 18.8 | 25.7 | 17.5 |
| Some college | 20.3 | 12.4 | 21.7 | 11.2 |
| Associate degree | 10.4 | 11.0 | 10.6 | 12.1 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 19.1 | 33.0 | 19.8 | 34.0 |
| Master’s degree | 9.3 | 15.8 | 9.1 | 15.4 |
| Professional or doctorate degree | 2.7 | 4.3 | 3.5 | 4.7 |
| Low numeracy | 31.8 | 24.2 | 29.7 | 21.4 |
| Income per year | ||||
| US$0–US$24 999 | 31.0 | – | 29.8 | – |
| US$25 000–US$49 999 | 24.6 | – | 26.5 | – |
| US$50 000–US$74 999 | 17.9 | – | 18.5 | – |
| US$75 000–US$100 000 | 11.5 | – | 10.5 | – |
| >US$100 000 | 15.0 | – | 14.7 | – |
| Current smoker | 26.7 | 3.5 | 25.7 | 2.0 |
Among adults, missing data for income and education were 5% in Experiments 1 and 2. Among adolescents, missing data were less than 5% for age in Experiment 2 and 9% and 8% for mother’s education in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Missing data for other characteristics were minimal.