Table 3

Linear random effects regression analyses of affordability regressed on time (tax year) and other covariates, for roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco smokers only

	Model 1 n=734, Obs=1468		Model 2 n=734, Obs=1468		Model 3 n=598, Obs=1056
	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE
Time (tax year)
2006	ref	---	ref	---	ref	---
2007	0.02	0.31	0.26	0.30	0.32	0.42
2008	−0.02	0.33	0.18	0.32	0.20	0.45
2010	−0.78*	0.35	−0.36	0.34	−0.35	0.46
2012	−1.68**	0.64	−0.92	0.63	−1.50	0.83
2013	−2.44***	0.42	−1.94***	0.41	−2.37***	0.53
2014	−2.58***	0.40	−1.80***	0.40	−2.16***	0.51
Time (tax year), reverse adjacent contrasts
2007 vs 2006	0.02	0.31	0.26	0.30	0.32	0.42
2008 vs 2007	−0.04	0.32	−0.08	0.31	−0.12	0.42
2010 vs 2008	−0.76*	0.33	−0.54	0.33	−0.55	0.44
2012 vs 2010	−0.88	0.63	−0.57	0.62	−1.15	0.82
2013 vs 2012	−0.77	0.68	−1.01	0.67	−0.87	0.86
2014 vs 2013	0.14	0.42	0.13	0.41	0.21	0.50
Sex
Female	ref	---	ref	---	ref	---
Male	0.64	0.41	0.90*	0.39	0.98*	0.48
Age (continuous)
Age	0.16	0.087	0.16*	0.08	0.14	0.10
Age squared	−0.0024**	0.00088	−0.002**	0.00	−0.002*	0.00
Region
London	ref	---	ref	---	ref	---
Yorkshire & The Humber	−0.87	1.02	−0.84	0.97	−0.98	1.18
East Midlands	−0.38	0.92	−0.64	0.88	−0.88	1.08
Eastern	0.49	0.87	0.67	0.83	0.89	1.03
North East	−0.84	1.18	−0.77	1.12	−0.91	1.32
South East	0.72	0.83	0.41	0.79	0.45	0.98
South West	0.64	0.83	0.57	0.79	0.79	0.95
West Midlands	−0.99	0.93	−0.82	0.88	−0.76	1.06
North West	1.14	0.91	0.89	0.86	0.74	1.04
Wales	−1.83	0.97	−1.94*	0.93	−2.63*	1.12
Scotland	−0.44	0.96	0.18	0.92	0.22	1.10
Northern Ireland	−1.15	1.39	−0.38	1.32	−0.02	1.49
Ethnicity
White	ref	---	ref	---	ref	---
Not white	−0.89	1.19	−0.08	1.13	−0.22	1.30
Education
Low	ref	---	ref	---	ref	---
Moderate	1.60***	0.45	1.49***	0.43	1.98***	0.52
High	2.01***	0.55	1.75**	0.54	2.26**	0.66
Time to first cigarette (TTFC)
Over 60 min	ref	---	ref	---	ref	---
31 to 60 mins	0.03	0.51	−0.05	0.48	−0.18	0.62
6 to 30 min	−0.81	0.49	−1.10*	0.40	−1.42*	0.60
Within 5 min	−1.68**	0.56	−2.00***	0.53	−2.79***	0.69
Purchase source
UK store-based	ref	---	ref	---	---	---
Non-UK/non-store	2.50***	0.31	2.35***		---	---

Note: model 1 is the unadjusted effects of affordability regressed separately on each predictor variable, model 2 is adjusted for all covariates and model 3 is adjusted for all covariates but excluding purchases from non-UK/nonstore sources.
*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.