Table 4
General wear-out effect: combined vs text-only warnings, by country type and smoking status
| Salience | Quit/avoid | |||||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| Full sample | Smokers | Non-smokers | Full sample | Smokers | Non-smokers | |
t (text countries)
| 0.92*** | 0.91*** | 0.93*** | 0.78*** | 0.76*** | 0.79*** |
| (0.02) | (0.04) | (0.03) | (0.02) | (0.04) | (0.03) | |
p (picture countries)
| 0.92*** | 0.81*** | 0.98*** | 0.70*** | 0.60*** | 0.75*** |
| (0.02) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.02) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
t−
p
| 0.01 | 0.10* | −0.04 | 0.08* | 0.17*** | 0.03 |
| (0.03) | (0.05) | (0.04) | (0.03) | (0.05) | (0.04) | |
| Two-tailed p value | 0.781 | 0.043 | 0.308 | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.449 |
| Observations | 73 309 | 26 880 | 46 429 | 73 308 | 26 880 | 46 428 |
Equation (2) was estimated using an individual random intercept model with SEs clustered at the individual level. Additional covariates include a set of specific text-content dummies and country dummies. SEs are reported in parentheses.
t
indicates the impact of PW, relative to TW, in text countries, while
p
indicates the added value of PW over TW in picture countries. The bottom part of the table reports the difference between the two coefficients and tests if this difference is significantly different from zero. Stars denote statistical significance: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
