Descriptive characteristics of the sample by smoking group status (N=144)
Baseline characteristics | Low-frequency users N=69 | High-frequency users N=75 | P value |
Gender | N (%) | N (%) | |
Male | 40 (57.9) | 45 (60.0) | 0.804 |
Female | 29 (42.1) | 30 (40.0) | |
Hispanic | |||
Yes | 28 (40.6) | 32 (42.7) | 0.799 |
No | 41 (59.4) | 43 (57.3) | |
Race | |||
White | 50 (72.5) | 47 (62.6) | 0.127 |
Black African/American | 14 (20.3) | 14 (18.7) | |
Other | 5 (7.2) | 14 (18.7) | |
Education | |||
High school or less | 2 (2.1) | 5 (8.0) | 0.237 |
Some college or associate degree | 48 (69.6) | 52 (69.3) | |
Bachelor’s degree | 10 (14.5) | 13 (17.3) | |
More than bachelor’s degree | 9 (13.0) | 4 (5.3) | |
Have you smoked cigarettes in the past year? | |||
Yes | 31 (44.9) | 23 (30.7) | 0.077 |
No | 38 (55.1) | 52 (69.3) | |
When did you start smoking WP in a monthly manner? | |||
Within past 6 months | 12 (17.4) | 1 (1.3) | 0.001 |
More than 6 months but less than a year | 13 (18.8) | 10 (13.3) | |
More than 1 year ago | 44 (63.8) | 64 (85.4) | |
What is the average time you usually spend smoking WP? (minutes) | |||
<30 | 9 (13.0) | 4 (5.3) | 0.020 |
30–60 | 46 (66.7) | 41 (54.7) | |
>60 | 14 (20.3) | 30 (40.0) | |
Where do you usually smoke WP? | |||
At home | 7 (10.0) | 25 (33.3) | 0.003 |
At a friend’s | 20 (28.1) | 19 (25.3) | |
In public places (eg, a cafe, lounge, etc) | 42 (60.9) | 31 (41.3) | |
Do you usually share the same WP with others? | |||
Yes | 66 (95.7) | 66 (88.0) | 0.097 |
No | 3 (4.3) | 9 (12.0) | |
Which WP tobacco produced greater smoke?* | |||
Preferred flavoured | 27 (58.7) | 33 (82.5) | 0.044 |
Unflavoured | 14 (30.4) | 4 (10.0) | |
No difference | 5 (10.9) | 3 (7.5) | |
Preferred flavours | 0.230 | ||
Grape | 4 (5.8) | 12 (16.0) | |
Apple | 25 (36.2) | 21 (28.0) | |
Mint | 14 (20.3) | 17 (22.7) | |
Mixed flavours | 22 (31.9) | 18 (24.0) | |
Others | 4 (5.8) | 7 (9.3) | |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
Age | 21.66 (3.01) | 21.96 (2.93) | 0.536 |
How many years ago did you start smoking WP for the first time in your life (even one or two puffs)? | 3.57 (2.79) | 4.58 (2.85) | 0.034 |
During the past 6 months, on average, how many WPs (head/bowls) you smoke per month? | 2.45 (1.84) | 9.52 (11.67) | < 0.001 |
eCO bassline | 1.91 (1.13) | 2.14 (1.48) | 0.293 |
Post smoking flavoured tobacco weight† | 11.28 (1.40) | 10.53 (1.73) | 0.006 |
Post smoking unflavoured tobacco weight† | 9.84 (1.38) | 9.51 (1.24) | 0.139 |
Bold numbers indicate statistical significance at p<0.05
*Only 86 participants responded to this question.
†Presmoking weight of tobacco was 15 g for each smoking group.
WP, waterpipe; eCO, expired carbon monoxide.