Correlates of quitting among quit attempters who were current established users (adults 18+) at baseline and made a quit attempt at follow-up
| Correlates at baseline | Quitting among quit attempters at follow-up | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cigarettes | ENDS | Cigars | Hookah | Smokeless | ||||||||||||||||
| % | 95% CI | aOR1 | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | aOR1 | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | aOR1 | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | aOR1 | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | aOR1 | 95% CI | |
| Overall | 32.9 | (31.4-34.3) | N/A | N/A | 85.4 | (82.7-87.7) | N/A | N/A | 62.5 | (59.7-65.2) | N/A | N/A | 84.2 | (81.2-86.9) | N/A | N/A | 51.6 | (47.7-55.5) | N/A | N/A |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Age group | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 18-24 | 40.5 | (37.1-44.0) | -- | -- | 83.2 | (78.2-87.3) | -- | -- | 67.5 | (63.4-71.4) | -- | -- | 82.6 | (78.7-85.9) | -- | -- | 51.9 | (45.6-58.2) | -- | -- |
| 25-39 | 34.3 | (31.6-37.2) | 0.8 | (0.7-1.0)* | 84.1 | (79.3-88.0) | . | 64.7 | (60.2-69.0) | . | 87.6 | (81.9-91.7) | . | 53.5 | (46.6-60.2) | 1.1 | (0.7-1.8) | |||
| 40-54 | 27.4 | (24.7-30.2) | 0.7 | (0.5-0.9)** | 88.5 | (83.8-91.9) | . | 63.3 | (56.7-69.4) | . | † | † | . | 49.6 | (41.5-57.8) | 1.3 | (0.8-2.2) | |||
| 55+ | 31.6 | (28.2-35.2) | 0.9 | (0.7-1.3) | 88.9 | (82.3-93.3) | . | 49.7 | (42.1-57.3) | . | † | † | . | 49.3 | (33.4-65.3) | 1.3 | (0.6-3.0) | |||
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Female | 30.5 | (28.6-32.6) | -- | -- | 87.2 | (83.7-90.0) | -- | -- | 65.1 | (60.6-69.4) | -- | -- | 85.2 | (80.3-89.0) | -- | -- | 57.2 | (44.0-69.4) | -- | -- |
| Male | 34.8 | (32.8-36.8) | 1.1 | (1.0-1.3) | 84.0 | (79.7-87.5) | . | 61.6 | (58.0-65.0) | . | 83.7 | (79.3-87.3) | . | 51.4 | (47.4-55.4) | 0.8 | (0.4-1.7) | |||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 33.1 | (31.4-35.0) | -- | -- | 86.5 | (83.3-89.1) | -- | -- | 62.7 | (58.7-66.4) | -- | -- | 88.3 | (84.3-91.4) | -- | -- | 51.2 | (47.0-55.5) | -- | -- |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 25.5 | (21.4-30.1) | 0.7 | (0.5-0.9)** | 78.9 | (70.4-85.4) | . | 56.7 | (50.4-62.8) | . | 83.4 | (72.8-90.4) | . | † | † | 1.2 | (0.4-3.4) | |||
| Non-Hispanic Other (includes two or more races) | 36.8 | (30.4-43.6) | 1.0 | (0.7-1.4) | † | † | . | 68.4 | (54.8-79.4) | . | 74.9 | (60.2-85.5) | . | 46.4 | (31.4-62.0) | 0.7 | (0.3-1.5) | |||
| Hispanic | 38.2 | (33.9-42.8) | 1.0 | (0.8-1.3) | 85.2 | (77.9-90.5) | . | 68.3 | (61.3-74.6) | . | 79.4 | (72.2-85.1) | . | † | † | 0.9 | (0.4-1.9) | |||
| Sexual orientation | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Straight/Heterosexual | 32.9 | (31.3-34.4) | -- | -- | 85.4 | (82.5-87.9) | -- | -- | 62.1 | (58.9-65.1) | -- | -- | 83.0 | (79.6-85.9) | -- | -- | 51.0 | (47.0-55.0) | -- | -- |
| Gay or Lesbian | 29.5 | (21.3-39.1) | 0.8 | (0.5-1.4) | † | † | . | † | † | . | † | † | . | † | † | 0.3 | (0.0-4.8) | |||
| Bisexual | 34.1 | (27.9-40.9) | 1.1 | (0.8-1.4) | † | † | . | 62.2 | (50.6-72.5) | . | † | † | . | † | † | 3.0 | (0.9-10.4) | |||
| Something else | 32.5 | (21.4-46.0) | 1.1 | (0.6-2.2) | † | † | . | † | † | . | † | † | . | † | † | 2.0 | (0.0-91.4) | |||
| Educational attainment | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Less than high school or some high school (no diploma) or GED | 24.7 | (22.3-27.1) | -- | -- | 86.9 | (81.7-90.7) | -- | -- | 65.8 | (60.4-70.8) | -- | -- | 77.2 | (68.1-84.2) | -- | -- | 54.5 | (47.7-61.2) | -- | -- |
| High school graduate—diploma | 33.3 | (30.2-36.6) | 1.4 | (1.1-1.7)** | 82.7 | (77.3-86.9) | . | 65.6 | (57.8-72.6) | . | 84.6 | (78.3-89.2) | . | 51.2 | (45.0-57.4) | 1.0 | (0.7-1.6) | |||
| Some college (no degree) or associate degree | 33.6 | (31.2-36.2) | 1.3 | (1.1-1.6)* | 85.3 | (81.0-88.7) | . | 59.0 | (54.9-63.0) | . | 84.6 | (79.4-88.7) | . | 50.1 | (43.8-56.4) | 0.9 | (0.6-1.4) | |||
| Bachelor’s degree or more | 44.4 | (40.3-48.5) | 1.5 | (1.1-1.9)** | 88.4 | (81.6-92.8) | . | 60.8 | (51.1-69.7) | . | † | † | . | 52.5 | (40.2-64.5) | 1.0 | (0.4-2.5) | |||
| Annual household income | ||||||||||||||||||||
| < $25,000 | 27.1 | (25.3-29.1) | -- | -- | 84.5 | (80.8-87.6) | -- | -- | 60.8 | (56.7-64.8) | -- | -- | 81.5 | (76.9-85.4) | -- | -- | 59.2 | (53.3-64.9) | -- | -- |
| $25,000- $74,999 | 35.7 | (33.1-38.3) | 1.3 | (1.1-1.6)** | 88.1 | (84.3-91.1) | . | 65.7 | (60.9-70.2) | . | 81.1 | (74.9-86.0) | . | 47.2 | (41.2-53.3) | 0.6 | (0.4-1.0)* | |||
| ≥ $75,000 | 44.1 | (40.0-48.2) | 1.5 | (1.2-1.8)** | 83.2 | (73.7-89.7) | . | 60.1 | (51.1-68.5) | . | † | † | . | 47.4 | (38.0-56.9) | 0.7 | (0.4-1.4) | |||
| Not reported | 31.8 | (26.8-37.3) | 1.1 | (0.8-1.6) | † | † | . | 66.7 | (56.5-75.5) | . | † | † | . | 53.3 | (35.7-70.0) | 0.9 | (0.4-2.0) | |||
| Tobacco use correlates | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Use of cigarettes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No P30D use | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 83.1 | (77.5-87.6) | -- | -- | 62.8 | (55.7-69.3) | -- | -- | 90.9 | (86.6-93.9) | -- | -- | 44.3 | (38.1-50.6) | -- | -- |
| P30D use | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 85.9 | (82.8-88.5) | . | 62.4 | (59.3-65.3) | . | 80.6 | (76.5-84.1) | . | 58.3 | (53.4-62.9) | 2.0 | (1.3-2.9)*** | |||
| Use of ENDS | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No P30D use | 33.0 | (31.3-34.7) | -- | -- | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 61.8 | (58.0-65.5) | -- | -- | 86.2 | (82.0-89.6) | -- | -- | 51.6 | (46.8-56.2) | -- | -- |
| P30D use | 33.0 | (30.3-35.9) | 1.0 | (0.8-1.2) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 64.1 | (59.0-68.9) | . | 81.6 | (76.8-85.6) | . | 53.0 | (45.5-60.4) | 0.7 | (0.5-1.2) | ||
| Use of cigars | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No P30D use | 32.6 | (31.0-34.3) | -- | -- | 86.3 | (83.3-88.8) | -- | -- | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 87.1 | (83.3-90.2) | -- | -- | 50.4 | (45.4-55.4) | -- | -- |
| P30D use | 33.5 | (30.9-36.2) | 1.1 | (0.9-1.3) | 83.1 | (78.0-87.2) | . | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 79.6 | (73.1-84.8) | . | 55.0 | (47.9-61.9) | 0.7 | (0.4-1.1) | ||
| Use of hookah | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No P30D use | 32.4 | (30.9-33.9) | -- | -- | 85.5 | (82.7-87.9) | -- | -- | 62.9 | (59.7-66.0) | -- | -- | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 51.5 | (47.3-55.7) | -- | -- |
| P30D use | 39.8 | (34.2-45.7) | 1.1 | (0.8-1.5) | 84.9 | (78.1-89.8) | . | 59.7 | (52.9-66.1) | . | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 52.9 | (40.8-64.7) | 1.1 | (0.6-2.2) | ||
| Use of smokeless | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No P30D use | 32.2 | (30.7-33.7) | -- | -- | 86.1 | (83.5-88.4) | -- | -- | 62.8 | (59.7-65.8) | -- | -- | 84.3 | (81.1-87.1) | -- | -- | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| P30D use | 41.8 | (35.9-47.9) | 1.5 | (1.1-1.9)** | † | † | . | 61.0 | (53.7-67.7) | . | 83.4 | (72.9-90.4) | . | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||
| Frequency of use of the given product | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No every day use | 50.2 | (47.2-53.2) | -- | -- | 88.7 | (85.7-91.1) | -- | -- | 66.7 | (63.6-69.6) | -- | -- | 85.0 | (81.9-87.6) | -- | -- | 63.7 | (57.3-69.6) | -- | -- |
| Every day use | 24.0 | (22.5-25.6) | 0.5 | (0.4-0.6)*** | 75.7 | (69.9-80.8) | . | 45.1 | (38.1-52.2) | . | † | † | . | 36.8 | (30.6-43.6) | 0.4 | (0.2-0.6)*** | |||
| Mean tobacco dependence score2 | 48.5 | (47.4-49.5) | 0.6 | (0.6-0.7)*** | 48.3 | (46.1-50.6) | . | 44.4 | (42.1-46.7) | . | 28.6 | (26.2-31.1) | . | 49.6 | (47.0-52.1) | 0.7 | (0.6-0.9)** | |||
The percentages and ORs in the table are based on weighted data.
Denominator N (unweighted number of observations) for aOR in ‘Cigarettes’=5208
Denominator N (unweighted number of observations) for aOR in ‘ENDS’=1183
Denominator N (unweighted number of observations) for aOR in ‘Cigars’=1369
Denominator N (unweighted number of observations) for aOR in ‘Hookah’=785
Denominator N (unweighted number of observations) for aOR in ‘Smokeless’=859
Tobacco product types were categorised into five groups: cigarettes, ENDS (e-cigarettes at Wave 1, and e-cigarettes, e-cigars, e-pipes and e-hookah at Waves 2 and 3), cigars (traditional cigars, cigarillos, filtered cigars), hookah and smokeless tobacco (loose snus, moist snuff, dip, spit, chewing tobacco and snus pouches).
For each of the five tobacco products, use is defined with respect to the given tobacco product/any tobacco product: Current established use is defined for cigarettes as currently smoking every day or some days and having smoked at least 100 cigarettes in the lifetime; current established use is defined for other tobacco products as currently using the product every day or some days and having ever used the product ‘fairly regularly’; Making a quit attempt is defined as having tried to quit using the given tobacco product in the past 12 months (or having tried to quit using tobacco products generally in the past 12 months if the respondent was using more than one type of tobacco product at baseline), or not currently using the given tobacco product (or tobacco products generally) at follow-up (ie, not using every day or somedays at follow-up); P30D use is defined as using the product at least once in the past 30 days. P30D use is defined as using the product at least once in the past 30 days.
The outcome ‘quitting’ is defined as no everyday/someday use at follow-up (vs everyday/someday use at follow-up) among current established users at baseline who made a quit attempt at follow-up. Since no P30D use at baseline is defined with respect to each tobacco product, P30D use of ‘other’ tobacco products at baseline are considered as correlates of ‘quitting’ for the given tobacco product at follow-up.
GEE logistic regression analyses were used to assess correlates of no everyday/someday use at follow-up among current established users at baseline who made a quit attempt at follow-up using two wave pairs (ie, Wave 1–Wave 2 and Wave 2–Wave 3), including up to two change data points per individual and statistically controlling for the correlation among observations from the same individuals.
All correlates reflect baseline measurement for each wave pair (eg, when evaluating change between Wave 1 and Wave 2, the age correlate reflects a person’s age at Wave 1, and when evaluating change between Wave 2 and Wave 3, the age correlate reflects a person’s age at Wave 2).
1Analyses adjusted for age group, sex, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, educational attainment, annual household income, each tobacco use correlate and wave.
2Tobacco dependence score was defined as described and validated by Strong et al.25 Weighted means are presented with 95% CIs. To estimate ORs and 95% CIs, the tobacco dependence variable was scaled to a mean of 0 with SD of 1 for each tobacco product (therefore, ORs indicate the likelihood of the outcome per SD unit increase in the level of tobacco dependence for each tobacco product).
†Estimates with either a relative SE greater than 30 or a corresponding denominator less than 50 have been suppressed.
GEE models failed to converge for ENDS, cigars, hookah and smokeless tobacco.
‘.’ indicates the adjusted GEE model was not able to converge, likely due to small cell sizes.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
aOR, adjusted OR; ENDS, electronic nicotine delivery system;GEE, generalised estimating equation; N/A, not applicable; P30D, past 30-day.