Table 3

Correlates of making a quit attempt among current established users (adults 18+) at baseline

Quit attempt at follow-up
CigarettesENDSCigarsHookahSmokeless
Correlates at baseline%95% CIaOR1 95% CI%95% CIaOR1 95% CI%95% CIaOR1 95% CI%95% CIaOR1 95% CI%95% CIaOR1 95% CI
Overall35.6(34.6-36.7)N/AN/A45.8(43.8-47.8)N/AN/A56.2(53.6-58.7)N/AN/A61.5(58.6-64.3)N/AN/A39.2(36.5-42.0)N/AN/A
Demographic characteristics
 Age group
  18-2441.5(39.3-43.6)----51.1(46.9-55.3)----67.1(62.7-71.2)----59.4(55.8-63.0)----50.9(45.9-55.9)----
  25-3936.8(34.9-38.8)0.9(0.8-1.0)*49.1(45.8-52.4)1.0(0.8-1.3)60.5(56.4-64.5)0.8(0.6-1.0)65.4(59.0-71.2)1.3(0.9-1.8)46.1(41.4-50.9)0.9(0.7-1.2)
  40-5432.1(30.5-33.7)0.8(0.6-0.9)***41.3(36.7-46.0)0.7(0.5-1.0)52.3(47.0-57.5)0.7(0.5-0.9)*31.0(26.8-35.6)0.6(0.5-0.9)**
  55+34.9(32.7-37.2)0.9(0.7-1.0)36.8(31.7-42.3)0.8(0.5-1.1)44.1(39.0-49.4)0.6(0.4-0.9)**28.8(22.0-36.6)0.6(0.4-0.9)*
 Sex
  Female35.6(34.2-37.0)----45.2(41.6-48.9)----65.5(61.5-69.2)----59.3(53.8-64.6)----44.9(35.0-55.3)----
  Male35.6(34.2-37.0)1.0(0.9-1.1)46.3(43.6-49.1)1.0(0.8-1.2)53.7(50.8-56.7)0.9(0.7-1.1)62.8(58.9-66.6)1.1(0.8-1.5)38.9(35.9-41.9)0.9(0.6-1.5)
 Race/ethnicity
  Non-Hispanic White33.7(32.4-35.0)----43.2(41.0-45.4)----52.4(48.9-55.9)----63.3(58.9-67.6)----38.1(35.0-41.2)----
  Non-Hispanic Black35.5(33.4-37.7)1.1(1.0-1.3)58.2(48.3-67.5)1.7(1.0-2.8)*61.6(56.8-66.1)1.3(1.0-1.6)55.4(47.6-62.9)0.7(0.4-1.1)48.6(35.5-62.0)1.4(0.7-2.9)
  Non-Hispanic Other (includes two or more races)41.5(37.9-45.1)1.3(1.1-1.5)**48.1(41.2-55.1)1.1(0.8-1.6)60.2(49.6-69.9)1.3(0.8-2.0)50.4(40.4-60.3)0.6(0.4-0.9)*46.3(35.6-57.3)1.0(0.6-1.7)
  Hispanic44.0(41.1-46.9)1.4(1.2-1.6)***54.0(46.1-61.7)1.4(1.0-2.0)66.6(59.9-72.6)1.6(1.1-2.3)**66.7(60.0-72.9)1.4(0.9-2.1)48.1(36.6-59.9)0.9(0.5-1.6)
 Sexual orientation
  Straight/Heterosexual35.4(34.3-36.5)----45.1(42.9-47.3)----54.7(52.0-57.4)----61.5(58.3-64.5)----38.9(36.2-41.7)----
  Gay or Lesbian36.1(30.2-42.4)1.0(0.7-1.3)49.6(40.3-58.8)1.1(0.7-1.7)69.6(56.5-80.1)1.3(0.7-2.5)61.8(46.3-75.3)1.0(0.5-2.2)
  Bisexual39.1(35.4-42.8)1.1(0.9-1.4)50.1(41.1-59.1)1.1(0.8-1.6)74.4(65.9-81.4)1.6(0.9-2.7)56.0(45.8-65.7)0.8(0.5-1.3)
  Something else35.2(26.3-45.3)1.0(0.6-1.5)
 Educational attainment
  Less than high school or some high school (no diploma) or GED32.1(30.6-33.7)----48.7(43.4-54.1)----64.1(58.9-68.9)----62.9(54.9-70.1)----38.8(33.8-43.9)----
  High school graduate—diploma32.4(30.7-34.1)1.0(0.9-1.2)47.6(43.5-51.8)1.1(0.8-1.5)60.3(56.0-64.5)0.9(0.6-1.2)63.1(57.6-68.3)1.1(0.7-1.7)36.5(32.8-40.4)1.1(0.8-1.4)
  Some college (no degree) or associate degree38.5(36.9-40.0)1.3(1.2-1.4)***45.1(41.9-48.3)1.0(0.7-1.3)58(54.6-61.3)0.9(0.7-1.3)61.3(56.6-65.9)1.2(0.8-1.9)41.8(37.2-46.5)1.2(0.9-1.6)
  Bachelor’s degree or more42.9(40.0-45.8)1.3(1.1-1.6)***39.7(33.8-45.9)0.9(0.6-1.3)36.4(30.2-43.1)0.6(0.4-0.9)*59.1(51.5-66.4)1.1(0.6-2.1)39.7(33.2-46.6)1.2(0.8-1.9)
 Annual household income
  < $25,00034.5(33.1-35.9)----50.0(46.4-53.6)----64.1(61.2-67.0)----62.9(58.2-67.3)----46.3(42.3-50.3)----
  $25,000- $74,99935.9(34.2-37.6)1.0(0.9-1.2)43.9(40.1-47.9)1.0(0.8-1.3)56.7(52.4-60.9)0.9(0.7-1.2)58.5(53.5-63.3)0.8(0.6-1.1)35.8(31.3-40.6)0.8(0.6-1.0)*
  ≥ $75,00039.3(36.9-41.7)1.1(0.9-1.2)38.9(33.8-44.2)0.9(0.6-1.2)37.5(31.5-43.9)0.7(0.5-1.0)*62.8(54.2-70.7)1.0(0.7-1.6)36.8(30.8-43.2)0.8(0.6-1.3)
  Not reported35.1(31.9-38.5)1.0(0.9-1.2)50.4(41.8-59.0)1.0(0.7-1.6)55.9(46.3-65.1)0.7(0.4-1.0)62.9(52.8-72.0)0.9(0.5-1.5)39.2(30.3-49.0)0.9(0.6-1.5)
Tobacco use correlates
 Use of cigarettes
  No P30D useN/AN/AN/ANA28.7(24.9-32.9)----39.8(35.4-44.4)----53.5(48.2-58.8)----30.8(26.9-35.0)----
  P30D useN/AN/AN/ANA52.5(50.1-54.9)1.9(1.5-2.4)***64.5(61.7-67.1)1.4(1.0-1.9)*67.1(63.1-70.8)1.6(1.1-2.4)*52.1(47.4-56.7)1.3(0.9-1.7)
 Use of ENDS
  No P30D use34.4(33.2-35.6)----N/AN/AN/AN/A52.9(49.9-55.9)----59.8(56.1-63.4)----36.1(33.0-39.4)----
  P30D use39.1(37.2-40.9)1.2(1.1-1.3)***N/AN/AN/AN/A65.9(61.3-70.2)1.1(0.9-1.5)63.8(58.7-68.7)1.0(0.8-1.4)56.3(49.6-62.8)1.1(0.8-1.6)
 Use of cigars
  No P30D use35.2(34.1-36.4)----43.0(40.7-45.4)----N/AN/AN/AN/A61.6(57.8-65.3)----35.3(32.4-38.4)----
  P30D use38.0(36.2-39.7)1.0(0.9-1.1)56.0(52.2-59.7)1.1(0.9-1.4)N/AN/AN/AN/A62.1(57.1-66.9)0.8(0.6-1.1)54.3(49.6-58.9)1.2(0.9-1.6)
 Use of hookah
  No P30D use35.2(34.2-36.3)----45.3(43.2-47.4)----55.0(52.3-57.7)----N/AN/AN/AN/A38.0(35.2-40.9)----
  P30D use43.4(39.7-47.3)1.0(0.9-1.2)49.8(43.3-56.2)0.7(0.5-1.0)*66.1(59.3-72.3)1.0(0.7-1.5)N/AN/AN/AN/A65.9(56.6-74.2)1.6(1.0-2.6)
 Use of smokeless
  No P30D use35.6(34.5-36.7)----44.9(42.8-47.1)----55.0(52.4-57.7)----60.6(57.4-63.7)----N/AN/AN/AN/A
  P30D use37.0(33.1-41.2)0.9(0.8-1.2)56.3(47.5-64.7)1.4(0.9-2.0)64.8(58.3-70.9)1.2(0.9-1.7)68.8(60.1-76.3)1.2(0.8-1.9)N/AN/AN/AN/A
 Frequency of use of the given product
  No every day use53.3(51.2-55.5)----59.5(57.0-61.9)----58.0(55.0-60.9)----62.0(59.0-64.9)----57.0(53.1-60.7)----
  Every day use30.5(29.4-31.5)0.4(0.4-0.5)***27.3(24.5-30.4)0.3(0.3-0.4)***48.8(44.4-53.3)0.6(0.5-0.7)***(38.0-62.3)0.7(0.3-1.4)27.9(24.9-31.2)0.4(0.3-0.5)***
  Mean tobacco dependence score2 51.8(51.1-52.6)1.0(1.0-1.1)44.2(42.6-45.7)1.1(1.0-1.3)*38.7(36.7-40.6)1.3(1.1-1.5)***26.4(24.0-28.8)1.1(0.9-1.3)49.4(47.8-51.0)1.1(1.0-1.3)
  • The percentages and ORs in the table are based on weighted data.

  • Denominator N (unweighted number of observations) for aOR in ‘Cigarettes’=14 619

  • Denominator N (unweighted number of observations) for aOR in ‘ENDS’=2550

  • Denominator N (unweighted number of observations) for aOR in ‘Cigars’=2355

  • Denominator N (unweighted number of observations) for aOR in ‘Hookah’=1293

  • Denominator N (unweighted number of observations) for aOR in ‘Smokeless’=2172

  • Tobacco product types were categorised into five groups: cigarettes, ENDS (e-cigarettes at Wave 1, and e-cigarettes, e-cigars, e-pipes and e-hookah at Waves 2 and 3), cigars (traditional cigars, cigarillos, filtered cigars), hookah and smokeless tobacco (loose snus, moist snuff, dip, spit, chewing tobacco and snus pouches).

  • For each of the five tobacco products, use is defined with respect to the given tobacco product/any tobacco product: Current established use is defined for cigarettes as currently smoking every day or some days and having smoked at least 100 cigarettes in the lifetime; current established use is defined for other tobacco products as currently using the product every day or some days and having ever used the product ‘fairly regularly’; Making a quit attempt is defined as having tried to quit using the given tobacco product in the past 12 months (or having tried to quit using tobacco products generally in the past 12 months if the respondent was using more than one type of tobacco product at baseline), or indicating not currently using the given tobacco product (or tobacco products generally) at follow-up (ie, not using every day or somedays at follow-up). The outcome ‘making a quit attempt’ is defined as a quit attempt at follow-up (vs no quit attempt at follow-up) among current established users at baseline. Since no P30D use at baseline is defined with respect to each tobacco product, P30D use of ‘other’ tobacco products at baseline are considered as correlates of 'making a quit attempt' of the given tobacco product at follow-up.

  • GEE logistic regression analyses were used to assess correlates of making a quit attempt at follow-up among current established users at baseline over a 1 year period of time (ie, Wave 1–Wave 2 and Wave 2–Wave 3), including up to two change data points per individual and statistically controlling for the correlation among observations from the same individuals.

  • All correlates reflect baseline measurement for each wave pair (eg, when evaluating change between Wave 1 and Wave 2, the age correlate reflects a person’s age at Wave 1, and when evaluating change between Wave 2 and Wave 3, the age correlate reflects a person’s age at Wave 2).

  • 1Analyses adjusted for age group, sex, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, educational attainment, annual household income, each tobacco use correlate and wave.

  • 2Tobacco dependence score was defined as described and validated by Strong et al 25. Weighted means are presented with 95% CIs. To estimate ORs and 95% CIs, the tobacco dependence variable was scaled to a mean of 0 with SD of 1 for each tobacco product (therefore, ORs indicate the likelihood of the outcome per SD unit increase in the level of tobacco dependence for each tobacco product).

  • †Estimates with either a relative SE greater than 30 or a corresponding denominator less than 50 have been suppressed.

  • *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

  • aOR, adjusted OR; ENDS, electronic nicotine delivery system;GEE, generalised estimating equation; N/A, not applicable; P30D, past 30-day.