Participant characteristics overall and by message condition
| Overall (n=1503) % | High-emotion-arousing PWLs (n=513) % | Low-emotion-arousing PWLs (n=512) % | TWLs (n=478) % | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 52.8 | 50.5 | 55.7 | 52.1 |
| Female | 47.2 | 49.5 | 44.3 | 47.9 |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 18–29 | 24.0 | 25.5 | 25.4 | 20.9 |
| 30–44 | 31.2 | 29.4 | 32.4 | 31.8 |
| 45–59 | 26.2 | 24.2 | 26.4 | 28.2 |
| 60+ | 18.6 | 20.9 | 15.8 | 19.0 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 65.9 | 63.2 | 66.0 | 68.6 |
| Black or African American | 15.5 | 15.6 | 15.6 | 15.3 |
| American Indian or Alaska native | 4.3 | 6.0 | 4.1 | 2.7 |
| Asian | 7.5 | 8.0 | 6.8 | 7.5 |
| More than one race | 3.1 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 3.3 |
| Other | 3.7 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 2.5 |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school | 9.4 | 9.2 | 9.8 | 9.4 |
| High school | 17.0 | 17.0 | 16.0 | 18.2 |
| Some college | 30.3 | 32.0 | 27.0 | 32.0 |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 43.2 | 41.9 | 47.3 | 40.4 |
| Other tobacco use status | ||||
| Current user | 56.0 | 55.4 | 60.0 | 52.3 |
| Former user | 18.4 | 18.7 | 15.4 | 21.3 |
| Never user | 25.6 | 25.9 | 24.6 | 26.4 |
| Intentions to quit smoking | ||||
| Never expect to quit | 11.4 | 13.1 | 8.6 | 12.8 |
| May quit in the future but not in the next 6 months | 31.9 | 34.1 | 31.4 | 30.1 |
| Will quit in the next 6 months | 10.6 | 10.3 | 10.9 | 10.7 |
| Will quit in the next month | 4.3 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.8 |
| Are currently trying to quit | 41.7 | 38.6 | 44.9 | 41.6 |
No significant differences were found between conditions on participant characteristics.
PWLs, pictorial warning labels; TWLs, text-only warning labels.