Descriptive statistics (total observations in parentheses)
| Round 1 | Round 2 | % Change | ||
| Total observations | 1234 | 1193 | -3.3 | |
| Age | Average (in years) | 33.3 | 36.8 | 10.6*** |
| Daily cigarette consumption | Average (sticks per day) | 9.7 | 9.1 | -5.7* |
| Socio-economic status | Average (index 0-1) | 0.73 | 0.7 | -4.1*** |
| Proportion | Male | 69.6 (859) | 73.1 (872) | 5.0* |
| Daily smokers | 94.3 (1164) | 91.6 (1093) | -2.9*** | |
| Female household head | 34.4 (425) | 39.0 (372) | 13.3** | |
| Education | None to complete primary school | 11.8 (146) | 12.3 (147) | 4.2 |
| Incomplete secondary school | 42.4 (523) | 47.8 (570) | 12.8*** | |
| Complete secondary school | 41.6 (513) | 33.3 (397) | -19.9*** | |
| Complete tertiary | 4.2 (52) | 6.5 (78) | 55.3** | |
| Race | African | 65.2 (805) | 72.2 (859) | 10.7*** |
| Mixed race | 34.8 (429) | 27.6 (329) | -20.5*** | |
| Employment status | Employed | 35.6 (437) | 37.1 (442) | 4.4 |
| Unemployed | 44.1 (541) | 46.1 (549) | 4.7 | |
| Not economically active | 19.9 (244) | 16.6 (198) | -16.3** | |
| Township | Eldorado Park (Gauteng) | 17.3 (214) | 11.1 (133) | -35.7*** |
| Ivory Park (Gauteng) | 16.0 (198) | 22.0 (263) | 37.4*** | |
| Khayelitsha (Western Cape) | 19.0 (235) | 15.4 (184) | -19.0** | |
| Mitchell's Plain (Western Cape) | 18.5 (228) | 16.7 (199) | -9.7 | |
| Thabong (Free State) | 15.9 (196) | 17.0 (203) | 7.1 | |
| Umlazi (KwaZulu-Natal) | 13.2 (163) | 17.7 (211) | 33.9*** | |
| Packaging | Carton | 0.7 (9) | 0.9 (11) | 26.4 |
| Pack | 33.1 (408) | 40.7 (485) | 23.0*** | |
| Single | 66.2 (817) | 58.4 (697) | -11.8*** | |
| Shop of Cigarette Purchase | Foreign-owned spaza shop† | 79.6 (981) | 71.8 (839) | -9.9*** |
| SA-owned spaza shop† | 8.7 (107) | 15.0 (175) | 72.4*** | |
| Spaza shop† (ownership unknown) | 1.5 (18) | 2.3 (27) | 58.1 | |
| Retail outlet | 7.2 (89) | 8.4 (98) | 16 | |
| Street stand | 0.9 (11) | 0.8 (9) | -13.8 | |
| House shop | 2.1 (26) | 1.7 (20) | -18.9 |
SES: 0 indicates access to none of the listed household resources and 1 indicates access to all 12. The statistical test used for the change in proportions is the proportions test. The difference in means test is used for averages.
*p<0.01, **p<0.05 and ***p<0.001.
†Spaza shops are informal convenience shops.
SA, South African.