SEs are reported in parenthesis. The results are estimated from TCS 2017 by the authors. Incomes are reported in the local currency, million Vietnam dongs. Illicit and Licit represent smokers whose collected packs are identified as illicit products and licit products, respectively. Ratio is calculated by dividing the mean incomes of illicit cigarette smokers by the mean incomes of licit cigarette smokers. We also performed two-sample mean comparison t-tests of unweighted incomes with unequal variances between the two groups, and it is statistically significant that the mean incomes of illicit cigarette smokers are higher than the mean incomes of licit cigarette smokers. The statistical results are available on request.

TCS 2017, Tobacco Consumption Survey in 2017.