Message element | Primary outcome | Secondary outcomes from Tobacco Warnings Model | Other outcomes | ||||||
Perceived effectiveness | Attention | Cognitive elaboration | Negative affect | Social interactions | Perceived harm | Perceived effectiveness, vaping | Cognitive elaboration, vaping | Reactance | |
B | B | B | B | B | B | B | B | B | |
Traditional harms | |||||||||
1 harm versus absent | 0.73*** | 0.33 | 0.67*** | 0.49** | 0.08 | 0.44* | 0.60*** | 0.54** | 0.02 |
3 harms versus absent | 0.86*** | 0.43* | 0.81*** | 0.58*** | 0.40* | 0.61*** | 0.57*** | 0.64*** | 0.09 |
COVID-19 harm | |||||||||
1 harm versus absent | 0.82*** | 0.55*** | 0.78*** | 0.66*** | 0.56*** | 0.46** | 0.55*** | 0.63*** | 0.19 |
Traditional 1 harm × COVID-19 | −0.77*** | −0.30 | −0.57** | −0.53** | −0.09 | −0.41* | −0.64** | −0.49* | −0.03 |
Traditional 3 harms × COVID-19 | −0.86*** | −0.50* | −0.76*** | −0.66*** | −0.47* | −0.61** | −0.52** | −0.60** | −0.13 |
Bs are unstandardised regression coefficients on standardised dependent variables. Bold indicates statistically significant effects. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.