PPE estimates
| Panel A: estimates of the elasticities | |||
| Group | Prevalence 2008 (%) | PPE | P value |
| General | 17.3 | −0.660 | 0.046 |
| Young (≤25) | 14.8 | −0.468 | 0.248 |
| Adult (26–50) | 19.4 | −0.487 | 0.104 |
| Middle-age (≥51) | 16.9 | −1.334 | <0.001 |
| Male | 24.3 | −0.347 | 0.149 |
| Female | 11.2 | −1.364 | 0.008 |
| SES 1: estrato 1–2 | 15.7 | −0.705 | 0.055 |
| SES 2: estrato 3 | 18.6 | −0.624 | 0.054 |
| SES 3: estrato 4–6 | 19.9 | −0.721 | 0.041 |
PPE, price smoking participation elasticity.