Proportions and prevalence ratios of tobacco and tobacco-like product use according to characteristics under workplace smoke-free policies with HTPs/e-cigarettes concerns
| Characteristics | HTPs | E-cigarettes | Combustible cigarettes | ||||||
| n | % (95% CI) | Adjusted RRs* (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | Adjusted RRs* (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | Adjusted RRs* (95% CI) | |
| Total | 543 | 9.62 (8.88 to 10.41) | 135 | 2.39 (2.02 to 2.82) | 1234 | 21.86 (20.80 to 22.95) | |||
| Smoking rules in work place | |||||||||
| I: smoking prohibited indoors | |||||||||
| I-1: HTPs/e-cig: prohibited indoors | 214 | 8.09 (7.11 to 9.19) | 1 (ref) | 43 | 1.63 (1.21 to 2.19) | 1 (ref) | 503 | 19.02 (17.57 to 20.56) | 1 (ref) |
| I-2: HTPs/e-cig: allowed indoors | 17 | 28.33 (18.33 to 41.06) | 2.19 (1.57 to 3.06) | 7 | 11.67 (5.63 to 22.63) | 3.86 (1.97 to 7.57) | 21 | 35.00 (23.97 to 47.90) | 1.67 (1.19 to 2.34) |
| I-3: HTPs/e-cig: no rules indoors | 11 | 2.61 (1.45 to 4.66) | 0.55 (0.31 to 0.97) | 6 | 1.43 (0.64 to 3.14) | 1.43 (0.62 to 3.31) | 43 | 10.21 (7.66 to 13.50) | 0.56 (0.42 to 0.75) |
| II: smoking room/corner available | |||||||||
| II-1: HTPs/e-cig: prohibited indoors | 179 | 16.10 (14.05 to 18.38) | 1.43 (1.20 to 1.69) | 38 | 3.42 (2.50 to 4.66) | 1.53 (0.99 to 2.36) | 335 | 30.13 (27.50 to 32.89) | 1.44 (1.28 to 1.62) |
| II-2: HTPs/e-cig: allowed indoors | 33 | 34.74 (25.82 to 44.87) | 2.02 (1.56,2.63) | 19 | 20.00 (13.10 to 29.30) | 5.32 (3.17 to 8.93) | 43 | 45.26 (35.52 to 55.38) | 2.28 (1.81 to 2.88) |
| II-3: HTPs/e-cig: no rules indoors | 59 | 5.84 (4.55 to 7.46) | 0.74 (0.57 to 0.97) | 16 | 1.58 (0.97 to 2.57) | 0.96 (0.56 to 1.66) | 194 | 19.19 (16.88 to 21.74) | 0.96 (0.83 to 1.11) |
| III: smoking allowed indoors | 30 | 9.93 (7.03 to 13.86) | 0.93 (0.65 to 1.32) | 6 | 1.99 (0.89 to 4.36) | 0.91 (0.39 to 2.14) | 95 | 31.46 (26.46 to 36.92) | 1.47 (1.22 to 1.76) |
| Combustible cigarette smoking status | |||||||||
| Never smoker | 21 | 0.73 (0.48 to 1.12) | 1 (ref) | 11 | 0.38 (0.21 to 0.69) | 1 (ref) | |||
| Former smoker | 163 | 10.51 (9.08 to 12.14) | 14.84 (9.39 to 23.46) | 18 | 1.16 (0.73 to 1.83) | 3.60 (1.69 to 7.64) | |||
| Current smoker | 359 | 29.09 (26.62 to 31.69) | 35.16 (22.47 to 55.01) | 106 | 8.59 (7.15 to 10.29) | 23.66 (12.29 to 45.52) | |||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 434 | 12.47 (11.42 to 13.62) | 1 (ref) | 96 | 2.76 (2.26 to 3.36) | 1 (ref) | 944 | 27.13 (25.68 to 28.64) | 1 (ref) |
| Female | 109 | 5.03 (4.19 to 6.03) | 0.71 (0.58 to 0.87) | 39 | 1.80 (1.32 to 2.45) | 1.16 (0.78 to 1.72) | 290 | 13.38 (12.01 to 14.88) | 0.49 (0.43 to 0.55) |
| Age (years) | |||||||||
| 15–19 | 3 | 42.86 (12.96 to 79.08) | 2.95 (1.48 to 5.87) | 2 | 28.57 (6.37 to 70.17) | 4.61 (1.31 to 16.16) | 3 | 42.86 (12.96 to 79.08) | 2.12 (1.22 to 3.71) |
| 20–29 | 83 | 12.71 (10.37 to 15.49) | 1.51 (1.22 to 1.87) | 24 | 3.68 (2.47 to 5.43) | 1.45 (0.92 to 2.28) | 108 | 16.54 (13.88 to 19.59) | 0.86 (0.71 to 1.06) |
| 30–39 | 155 | 11.36 (9.78 to 13.16) | 1 (ref) | 43 | 3.15 (2.35 to 4.22) | 1 (ref) | 269 | 19.72 (17.69 to 21.92) | 1 (ref) |
| 40–49 | 146 | 9.61 (8.23 to 11.20) | 0.73 (0.60 to 0.89) | 25 | 1.65 (1.11 to 2.42) | 0.48 (0.29 to 0.79) | 354 | 23.30 (21.25 to 25.50) | 1.11 (0.97 to 1.28) |
| 50–59 | 123 | 9.43 (7.95 to 11.14) | 0.60 (0.49 to 0.75) | 34 | 2.61 (1.87 to 3.62) | 0.67 (0.42 to 1.08) | 339 | 25.98 (23.67 to 28.43) | 1.20 (1.04 to 1.39) |
| 60–72 | 33 | 4.14 (2.95 to 5.76) | 0.28 (0.19 to 0.41) | 7 | 0.88 (0.42 to 1.83) | 0.25 (0.11 to 0.57) | 161 | 20.18 (17.53 to 23.11) | 1.00 (0.83 to 1.20) |
| Education | |||||||||
| High school or below | 140 | 10.73 (9.16 to 12.53) | 1 (ref) | 32 | 2.45 (1.74 to 3.45) | 1 (ref) | 369 | 28.28 (25.90 to 30.78) | 1 (ref) |
| College | 95 | 7.70 (6.34 to 9.32) | 0.96 (0.76 to 1.20) | 28 | 2.27 (1.57 to 3.27) | 1.30 (0.77 to 2.19) | 258 | 20.91 (18.73 to 23.27) | 0.90 (0.79 to 1.04) |
| University | 308 | 9.91 (8.91 to 11.02) | 1.05 (0.88 to 1.25) | 75 | 2.41 (1.93 to 3.02) | 1.28 (0.84 to 1.95) | 607 | 19.54 (18.18 to 20.97) | 0.67 (0.60 to 0.75) |
| Housing ownership | |||||||||
| No | 228 | 11.81 (10.44 to 13.33) | 1 (ref) | 53 | 2.74 (2.10 to 3.58) | 1 (ref) | 434 | 22.48 (20.67 to 24.39) | 1 (ref) |
| Yes | 315 | 8.48 (7.62 to 9.42) | 0.84 (0.72 to 0.98) | 82 | 2.21 (1.78 to 2.73) | 0.99 (0.70 to 1.39) | 800 | 21.53 (20.24 to 22.89) | 0.92 (0.83 to 1.03) |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married | 331 | 10.05 (9.06 to 11.12) | 1.37 (1.16 to 1.62) | 85 | 2.58 (2.09 to 3.18) | 1.53 (1.07 to 2.20) | 703 | 21.34 (19.97 to 22.77) | 0.88 (0.78 to 0.99) |
| Never married | 171 | 8.72 (7.55 to 10.06) | 1 (ref) | 46 | 2.35 (1.76 to 3.12) | 1 (ref) | 413 | 21.07 (19.32 to 22.93) | 1 (ref) |
| Widowed/Divorced | 41 | 10.49 (7.81 to 13.94) | 1.36 (0.98 to 1.88) | 4 | 1.02 (0.38 to 2.70) | 0.50 (0.18 to 1.37) | 118 | 30.18 (25.83 to 34.92) | 1.38 (1.16 to 1.64) |
| Current alcohol drinkers | |||||||||
| No | 154 | 7.23 (6.20 to 8.41) | 1 (ref) | 49 | 2.30 (1.74 to 3.03) | 1 (ref) | 356 | 16.71 (15.19 to 18.36) | 1 (ref) |
| Yes | 389 | 11.06 (10.07 to 12.14) | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.10) | 86 | 2.45 (1.98 to 3.01) | 0.90 (0.75 to 1.09) | 878 | 24.97 (23.57 to 26.43) | 1.16 (1.10 to 1.23) |
| Self-rated health status | |||||||||
| Good | 297 | 9.55 (8.56 to 10.63) | 0.98 (0.83 to 1.15) | 63 | 2.03 (1.58 to 2.58) | 0.76 (0.52 to 1.11) | 663 | 21.31 (19.91 to 22.79) | 0.96 (0.86 to 1.07) |
| Normal | 171 | 9.75 (8.45 to 11.23) | 1 (ref) | 46 | 2.62 (1.97 to 3.48) | 1 (ref) | 412 | 23.49 (21.56 to 25.53) | 1 (ref) |
| Poor | 75 | 9.60 (7.72 to 11.88) | 1.02 (0.81 to 1.28) | 26 | 3.33 (2.28 to 4.85) | 1.31 (0.81 to 2.11) | 159 | 20.36 (17.68 to 23.33) | 0.94 (0.80 to 1.10) |
Bold face indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05).
*Adjusted for all variables listed in this table.
e-cig, electronic cigarettes; HTP, heated tobacco product; RR, rate ratio.