Association between worsening in smoking habits during lockdown (starting or relapsing smoking or increasing number of cigarettes smoked per day) and selected individual variables (base model), conditions during lockdown and psychological variables: distribution at baseline (N), proportion of people worsening their smoking habits (%) and corresponding ORs* with 95% CIs
| Variable | Never and former smokers N | People who started or relapsed smoking | Current smokers N | People who increased the number of cigarettes smoked per day | ||
| % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | |||
| Total | 4603 | 0.7 | 1400 | 36.3 | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 2239 | 0.8 | 1 | 724 | 32.8 | 1 |
| Female | 2364 | 0.6 | 0.71 (0.25 to 2.03) | 677 | 40.1 | 1.40 (1.07 to 1.85) |
| Age | ||||||
| 55–74 | 1507 | 0.6 | 1 | 482 | 32.2 | 1 |
| 35–54 | 1870 | 0.4 | 0.41 (0.10 to 1.74) | 588 | 39.9 | 1.27 (0.90 to 1.78) |
| 18–34 | 1226 | 1.4 | 2.25 (0.73 to 6.98) | 331 | 35.9 | 1.17 (0.77 to 1.77) |
| Education | ||||||
| Low | 651 | 0.2 | 1 | 260 | 34.1 | 1 |
| Intermediate | 2342 | 0.9 | 7.13 (0.87 to 58.64) | 691 | 36.8 | 1.03 (0.69 to 1.53) |
| High | 1610 | 0.7 | 5.09 (0.59 to 44.04) | 450 | 36.9 | 1.02 (0.67 to 1.56) |
| Living with children aged 0–14 | ||||||
| No | 3359 | 0.6 | 1 | 937 | 33.7 | 1 |
| Yes | 1243 | 1.1 | 2.73 (0.82 to 9.13) | 464 | 41.6 | 1.33 (0.98 to 1.81) |
| Geographic area | ||||||
| North | 2118 | 0.5 | 1 | 647 | 34.1 | 1 |
| Centre | 915 | 1.4 | 2.79 (0.86 to 9.04) | 287 | 39.3 | 1.28 (0.90 to 1.81) |
| South and islands | 1571 | 0.7 | 1.30 (0.39 to 4.33) | 467 | 37.6 | 1.15 (0.84 to 1.58) |
| Smoking status before lockdown | ||||||
| Never smoker | 4053 | 0.6 | 1 | – | – | – |
| Former smoker | 550 | 1.7 | 3.12 (1.17 to 8.34) | – | – | – |
| Cigarettes smoked per day before lockdown | ||||||
| ≤5 | – | – | – | 395 | 34.7 | 1 |
| 6–15 | – | – | – | 723 | 39.8 | 1.29 (0.92 to 1.79) |
| >15 | – | – | – | 282 | 29.8 | 0.85 (0.56 to 1.30) |
| Working condition during lockdown | ||||||
| Regularly working | 780 | 1.2 | 1 | 209 | 29.3 | 1 |
| Working from home | 1258 | 0.5 | 0.39 (0.12 to 1.30) | 392 | 45.6 | 2.00 (1.29 to 3.11) |
| Unemployed before lockdown | 1718 | 0.7 | 0.58 (0.14 to 2.40) | 473 | 27.0 | 0.85 (0.54 to 1.36) |
| Job lost | 847 | 0.7 | 0.53 (0.16 to 1.78) | 327 | 43.2 | 1.77 (1.12 to 2.80) |
| People per room | ||||||
| ≤1 | 3801 | 0.6 | 1 | 1109 | 35.8 | 1 |
| >1 | 801 | 1.3 | 1.79 (0.60 to 5.38) | 291 | 38.3 | 0.94 (0.65 to 1.37) |
| Decreased quality of life | ||||||
| No | 1687 | 0.8 | 1 | 469 | 26.2 | 1 |
| Yes | 2916 | 0.7 | 0.97 (0.36 to 2.61) | 932 | 41.4 | 2.05 (1.49 to 2.8) |
| Decreased amount of sleep | ||||||
| No | 3187 | 0.5 | 1 | 925 | 29.5 | 1 |
| Yes | 1416 | 1.3 | 2.83 (1.06 to 7.57) | 475 | 49.7 | 2.29 (1.71 to 3.07) |
| Increased anxiety | ||||||
| No | 2639 | 0.4 | 1 | 748 | 29.8 | 1 |
| Yes | 1963 | 1.1 | 2.71 (0.99 to 7.39) | 653 | 43.8 | 1.83 (1.38 to 2.43) |
| Increased depression | ||||||
| No | 2452 | 0.5 | 1 | 688 | 28.0 | 1 |
| Yes | 2150 | 1.0 | 1.97 (0.79 to 4.93) | 712 | 44.4 | 2.04 (1.54 to 2.71) |
*ORs and corresponding 95% CIs were estimated through unconditional multiple logistic regression models after adjustment for gender, age, education, living with children aged 0–14, geographic area, smoking status before lockdown (for the model on people who started or relapsed smoking) and number of cigarettes smoked per day (in the model on people who increased the number of cigarettes smoked per day). Estimates in bold are statistically significant at 0.05 level.