Table 3

Selection of country case studies including specific populations, time-periods, cigarette retail prices and cigarette tax regimes

CountryPhilippinesColombiaBulgariaSwedenUK
Rationale* Lower middle-income country; moderate smoking (high among males); doubled excise tax rate over 2012–2017.Upper middle-income country; recent advances in TC policies; introduced tax hike in 2016.Upper middle-income country; high tax rate; generally strong TC response.High-income country; lower tax rate relative to other European countries; generally strong TC response.High-income country; high tax rate; strong TC response.
Income†
GNI per capita (current 2018 USD)		 38306190886055 04041 340
Smoking prevalence*       
WHO age-standardised estimated prevalence of current cigarette smoking (% of ages 15 years and above, 2017)Adult
Male
Female		22.4
38.4
6.4		7.3
11.2
3.5		36.0
45.0
28.0		12.9
11.0
14.8		15.1
17.0
13.3
Cigarette consumption*       
Per person per year (ages 15 years and above, 2016)‡Number of cigarettes11323511282666828
Number of 20-cigarette packs5718643341
Retail price and taxes*§       
Retail price, 20-cigarette pack, most sold brand (USD, 2014–2018)1.081.393.218.5512.37
Total taxes on most sold brand, 201871.3%78.4%82.7%68.8%82.2%
Tobacco tax hike*§¶       
Year of tax hike
(pre and post)**		Pre: 2012.
Post: 2014.		Pre: 2016.
Post: 2018.		2005–20142005–20142005–2014
Retail price of most sold brand, prehike (USD)0.360.880.804.937.87
Retail price of most sold brand, posthike (USD)0.621.391.606.379.48
Change in price
(USD)		0.260.510.801.441.61
Price elasticity§††‡‡       
Aggregate demand estimates−0.87-0.51 to -0.35-1.33 to -0.52−0.50−0.50

  • *WHO.60

  • †World Bank.61

  • ‡Legally sold machine-made and roll-your-own cigarette consumption.

  • §Yeh et al.62

  • ¶WHO.63

  • **WHO only has data for every even year.

  • ††Quimbo et al.64

  • ‡‡Sayginsoy et al.65

  • TC, tobacco control; GNI, gross national income.