Multilevel logistic regression analysis (adjusted ORs and 95% CIs) of secondhand smoke exposure
| Null model | Model 1 (OR 95% CI) | Model 2 (OR (95% CI)) | Model 3 (OR (95% CI)) | Model 4 (OR (95% CI)) | Model 5 (OR (95% CI)) | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Female | 0.67 (0.42 to 0.77)** | 0.54 (0.41 to 0.71)** | 0.57 (0.41 to 0.78)** | 0.54 (0.47 to 0.71)* | 0.55 (0.43 to 0.70)** | |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Managers and clerks | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Professionals | 0.78 (0.67 to 0.92)* | 1.01 (0.69 to 1.48) | 0.88 (0.62 to 1.25) | 1.12 (0.81 to 1.53) | 1.17 (0.82 to 1.67) | |
| Commerce and service | 0.94 (0.79 to 1.12) | 1.27 (0.98 to 1.65) | 1.24 (0.96 to 1.60) | 1.28 (0.80 to 2.06) | 1.30 (0.76 to 2.24)* | |
| Operations | 0.73 (0.45 to 1.20) | 0.90 (0.70 to 1.16) | 0.89 (0.61 to 1.29) | 0.96 (0.66 to 1.40) | 0.90 (0.71 to 1.13) | |
| Students | 0.18 (0.06 to 0.57)** | 0.26 (0.07 to 0.89)* | 0.25 (0.07 to 0.82)* | 0.29 (0.12 to 0.68)** | 0.28 (0.11 to 0.74)* | |
| Retired | 0.34 (0.20 to 0.58)** | 0.41 (0.19 to 0.87)* | 0.41 (0.22 to 0.75)** | 0.42 (0.20 to 0.89)* | 0.41 (0.17 to .95)* | |
| Other | 0.27 (0.16 to 0.58)** | 0.34 (0.14 to 0.79)* | 0.35 (0.17 to 0.72)** | 0.33 (0.14 to 0.75)** | 0.31 (0.12 to 0.83)* | |
| Income/person/year (in ¥*) | ||||||
| <10 000 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 10 000–19 999 | 0.82 (0.36 to 1.87) | 0.84 (0.45 to 1.60) | 0.91 (0.47 to 1.79) | 0.94 (0.55 to 1.60) | 0.87 (0.51 to 1.48)* | |
| 20 000–29 999 | 0.67 (0.29 to 1.54) | 0.65 (0.26 to 1.58) | 0.71 (0.34 to 1.47) | 0.75 (0.46 to 1.21) | 0.63 (0.31 to 1.31) | |
| 30 000–39 999 | 0.25 (0.19 to 0.34)** | 0.27 (0.18 to 0.41)** | 0.28 (0.22 to 0.36)** | 0.30 (0.22 to 0.47)** | 0.27 (0.18 to 0.41)** | |
| 40 000–49 999 | 0.30 (0.21 to 0.42)** | 0.33 (0.22 to 0.50)** | 0.33 (0.23 to 0.47)** | 0.36 (0.24 to 0.55)** | 0.34 (0.35 to 0.54)** | |
| 50 000+ | 0.42 (0.37 to 0.49)** | 0.45 (0.43 to 0.49)** | 0.45 (0.40 to 0.51)** | 0.45 (0.34 to 0.61)** | 0.43 (0.35 to 0.54)** | |
| Exposure to tobacco advertising | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 2.56 (1.15.35.71)** | 2.58 (1.10 to 6.07)* | 2.75 (1.14 to 6.61)* | 2.34 (1.05 to 5.28)* | 2.39 (1.06 to 5.40)* | |
| Regional variables | ||||||
| GDP | ||||||
| <2000 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 2000–2999 | 0.61 (0.57 to 0.65)** | 1.08 (0.50 to 2.34) | 0.95 (0.51 to 1.77) | 0.50 (0.35 to 0.71)** | 0.82 (0.36 to 1 to 85) | |
| 3000+ | 0.35 (0.20 to 0.64)** | 0.55 (0.40 to 0.76)** | 0.57 (0.43 to 0.76)** | 0.25 (0.20 to 0.31)** | 0.38 (0.23 to 0.62)** | |
| Cigarette production per unit population (100 million/10 000 persons) | ||||||
| <500 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 500–999 | 1.04 (0.71 to 1.52) | 0.85 (0.47 to 1.54) | ||||
| 1000+ | 2.72 (1.56 to 4.76)** | 2.01 (1.30 to 3.12)** | ||||
| Cigarette production per unit GPD (pieces/¥100 GDP) | ||||||
| <5 | 1.00 | |||||
| 5–9 | 0.81 (0.42 to 1.56) | |||||
| 10+ | 1.69 (1.42 to 2.01)** | |||||
| Tobacco retailers density (retailers/10 000persons) | ||||||
| <35 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 35–39 | 1.01 (0.30 to 3.40) | 0.87 (0.23 to 3.31) | ||||
| 40+ | 2.66 (1.62 to 4.38)** | 2.32 (1.39 to 3.86)* | ||||
| Random parameters between regions | 3.12** | 3,09** | 2.15* | 2.03* | 1.81* | 1.64* |
| Fixed parameters | 2.92** | 2.29* | 2.26* | 2.24* | 2.14* | 2.09* |
*p<0.05; **p<0.01.
†Chinese yuan=US$6.5.
GDP, gross domestic product .