Association of smoking status with confirmed and suspected COVID-19
| % (95% CI) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Interaction with post-16 qualifications* | ||||||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | ORadj
(95% CI) | P value | ORadj
(95% CI) | P value | ORadj
(95% CI) | P value | ORadj
(95% CI) | P value | ||
| Confirmed COVID-19 | |||||||||||
| Whole sample | |||||||||||
| Never smoker | 0.26 (0.21 to 0.33) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ex-smoker | 0.19 (0.13 to 0.28) | 0.73 (0.47 to 1.14) | 0.163 | 0.89 (0.57 to 1.40) | 0.615 | 0.85 (0.54 to 1.33) | 0.465 | – | – | 0.26 (0.09 to 0.79) | 0.017 |
| Current smoker | 0.56 (0.41 to 0.75) | 2.14 (1.49 to 3.08) | <0.001 | 1.87 (1.28 to 2.73) | 0.001 | 1.79 (1.22 to 2.62) | 0.003 | – | – | 3.74 (1.51 to 9.27) | 0.004 |
| No post-16 qualifications | |||||||||||
| Never smoker | 0.31 (0.21 to 0.46) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ex-smoker | 0.10 (0.03 to 0.22) | 0.28 (0.10 to 0.76) | 0.012 | 0.49 (0.18 to 1.37) | 0.175 | 0.49 (0.18 to 1.37) | 0.172 | – | – | – | – |
| Current smoker | 0.99 (0.70 to 1.36) | 3.16 (1.91 to 5.21) | <0.001 | 3.64 (2.11 to 6.28) | <0.001 | 3.53 (2.04 to 6.10) | <0.001 | – | – | – | – |
| Post-16 qualifications | |||||||||||
| Never smoker | 0.25 (0.19 to 0.32) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ex-smoker | 0.26 (0.16 to 0.40) | 1.05 (0.64 to 1.72) | 0.850 | 1.14 (0.69 to 1.88) | 0.618 | 1.04 (0.63 to 1.72) | 0.888 | – | – | – | – |
| Current smoker | 0.19 (0.08 to 0.37) | 0.76 (0.36 to 1.59) | 0.461 | 0.69 (0.33 to 1.47) | 0.337 | 0.67 (0.32 to 1.43) | 0.302 | – | – | – | – |
| Confirmed/suspected COVID-19 | |||||||||||
| Whole sample | |||||||||||
| Never smoker | 10.2 (9.9 to 10.6) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ex-smoker | 10.9 (10.4 to 11.5) | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.15) | 0.033 | 1.22 (1.14–1.31) | <0.001 | 1.22 (1.14–1.31) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.13–1.29) | <0.001 | 0.26 (0.09–0.79) | 0.018 |
| Current smoker | 11.2 (10.6 to 11.9) | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.20) | 0.009 | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 0.199 | 1.06 (0.97–1.14) | 0.197 | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 0.572 | 3.77 (1.52–9.35) | 0.004 |
| No post-16 qualifications | |||||||||||
| Never smoker | 8.0 (7.4 to 8.6) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ex-smoker | 7.9 (7.2 to 8.6) | 0.99 (0.87 to 1.12) | 0.850 | 1.03 (0.91–1.18) | 0.625 | 1.03 (0.91–1.18) | 0.620 | 1.02 (0.90–1.17) | 0.747 | – | – |
| Current smoker | 10.8 (9.9 to 11.9) | 1.40 (1.23 to 1.60) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.01–1.32) | 0.032 | 1.16 (1.01–1.32) | 0.032 | 1.13 (0.98–1.29) | 0.083 | – | – |
| Post-16 qualifications | |||||||||||
| Never smoker | 11.1 (10.7 to 11.5) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ex-smoker | 12.8 (12.1 to 13.5) | 1.18 (1.09 to 1.27) | <0.001 | 1.31 (1.21–1.42) | <0.001 | 1.31 (1.21–1.42) | <0.001 | 1.30 (1.20–1.40) | <0.001 | – | – |
| Current smoker | 11.6 (10.7 to 12.6) | 1.06 (0.95 to 1.17) | 0.302 | 0.96 (0.87–1.07) | 0.474 | 0.96 (0.87–1.07) | 0.477 | 0.94 (0.84–1.04) | 0.216 | – | – |
All data are weighted to match the UK adult population on sex, age, ethnicity, education and country of living.
Model 1 is unadjusted. Model 2 is adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, post-16 qualifications, key worker status and survey date. Model 3 is adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, post-16 qualifications, key worker status, survey date and comorbid health conditions. Model 4 is adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, post-16 qualifications, key worker status, survey date, comorbid health conditions and diagnosed anxiety disorders.
*Interaction between smoking status and post-16 qualifications added to fully adjusted model with the exclusion of key worker status.
ORadj, adjusted OR.