Association of smoking status with adherence to COVID-19 protective behaviours
| % (95% CI) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Interaction with post-16 qualifications* | |||||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | ORadj
(95% CI) | P value | ORadj
(95% CI) | P value | ORadj
(95% CI) | P value | ||
| General adherence† | |||||||||
| Whole sample | |||||||||
| Never smoker | 96.6 (96.4 to 96.8) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ex-smoker | 96.8 (96.5 to 97.1) | 1.07 (0.96 to 1.20) | 0.223 | 1.00 (0.89 to 1.12) | 0.980 | 1.00 (0.89 to 1.13) | 0.977 | 1.43 (1.14 to 1.81) | 0.002 |
| Current smoker | 94.3 (93.8 to 94.8) | 0.59 (0.53 to 0.66) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.62 to 0.78) | <0.001 | 0.70 (0.62 to 0.78) | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.07 to 1.71) | 0.012 |
| No post-16 qualifications | |||||||||
| Never smoker | 94.5 (94.0 to 95.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ex-smoker | 95.8 (95.2 to 96.3) | 1.31 (1.11 to 1.54) | 0.001 | 1.12 (0.94 to 1.33) | 0.202 | 1.12 (0.94 to 1.33) | 0.192 | – | – |
| Current smoker | 92.9 (92.0 to 93.6) | 0.75 (0.64 to 0.88) | <0.001 | 0.80 (0.68 to 0.94) | 0.007 | 0.80 (0.68 to 0.95) | 0.009 | – | – |
| Post-16 qualifications | |||||||||
| Never smoker | 97.3 (97.1 to 97.5) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ex-smoker | 97.4 (97.1 to 97.8) | 1.05 (0.90 to 1.23) | 0.515 | 0.90 (0.76 to 1.06) | 0.188 | 0.90 (0.77 to 1.06) | 0.208 | – | – |
| Current smoker | 95.6 (95.0 to 96.2) | 0.61 (0.52 to 0.73) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.51 to 0.71) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.51 to 0.71) | <0.001 | – | – |
| Living life as normal‡ | |||||||||
| Whole sample | |||||||||
| Never smoker | 3.6 (3.4 to 3.8) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Ex-smoker | 3.1 (2.8 to 3.4) | 0.84 (0.75 to 0.95) | 0.003 | 0.80 (0.71 to 0.90) | <0.001 | 0.81 (0.72 to 0.91) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.58 to 0.91) | 0.006 |
| Current smoker | 4.9 (4.4 to 5.4) | 1.36 (1.21 to 1.53) | <0.001 | 1.11 (0.98 to 1.26) | 0.089 | 1.12 (0.99 to 1.27) | 0.073 | 0.68 (0.53 to 0.87) | 0.002 |
| No post-16 qualifications | |||||||||
| Never smoker | 6.4 (5.9 to 7.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Ex-smoker | 4.4 (3.9 to 5.0) | 0.67 (0.57 to 0.79) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.62 to 0.86) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.62 to 0.86) | <0.001 | – | – |
| Current smoker | 6.4 (5.9 to 7.2) | 0.99 (0.84 to 1.16) | 0.874 | 0.92 (0.78 to 1.08) | 0.298 | 0.92 (0.78 to 1.09) | 0.322 | – | |
| Post-16 qualifications | |||||||||
| Never smoker | 2.6 (2.4 to 2.8) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Ex-smoker | 2.2 (1.9 to 2.6) | 0.86 (0.73 to 1.01) | 0.065 | 0.86 (0.73 to 1.02) | 0.080 | 0.87 (0.73 to 1.03) | 0.105 | – | – |
| Current smoker | 3.5 (3.0 to 4.1) | 1.36 (1.13 to 1.63) | 0.001 | 1.31 (1.09 to 1.57) | 0.005 | 1.31 (1.09 to 1.57) | 0.005 | – | – |
All data are weighted to match the UK adult population on sex, age, ethnicity, education and country of living.
Model 1 is unadjusted. Model 2 is adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, post-16 qualifications, key worker status and survey date. Model 3 is adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, post-16 qualifications, key worker status, survey date and comorbid health conditions.
*Interaction between smoking status and post-16 qualifications added to fully adjusted model with the exclusion of key worker status.
†General adherence to recommendations from authorities to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (score of ≥5/7).
‡Versus cutting down on usual activities, staying at home and/or self-isolating.
ORadj, adjusted OR.