Author and year of publication | Years of data | General method | Country | Income group | Illicit market (% total) |
Joossens16 (2014) | 2010 | GA/PS | Latvia | HIC | 38.5 |
Szklo17 (2018) | 2014–16 | GA | Brazil | LMIC | 36.0 |
van der Zee25 (2020) | 2017 | SS | South Africa | LMIC | 34.6 |
Wang26 (2019) | 2012 | PS | USA | HIC | 21.0 |
Joossens16 (2014) | 2010 | GA/PS | Sweden | HIC | 18.5 |
Guindon27 (2017) | 2013 | GA/SS | Canada | HIC | 18.0 |
Joossens16 (2014) | 2010 | GA/PS | Bulgaria | LMIC | 17.8 |
Liber28 (2015) | 2012 | PS | Malaysia | HIC | 16.5 |
Paraje29 (2020) | 2017 | PS | Chile | HIC | 16.3 |
Stoklosa30 (2014) | 2011 | SS/PS | Poland | HIC | 15.1 |
Depocen31 (2019) | 2017 | GA | Vietnam | LMIC | 13.7 |
Kaplan32 (2018) | 2013 | PS | Turkey | LMIC | 12.1 |
Abascal33 (2019) | 2017 | GA | Uruguay | LMIC | 11.8 |
Heydari34 (2018) | 2018 | PS | Iran | LMIC | 11.1 |
ITC35 (2017) | 2014–16 | PS | Ireland | HIC | 11.0 |
HMRC13 (2020) | 2014–16 | GA | UK | HIC | 10.7 |
Joossens16 (2014) | 2010 | GA/PS | Romania | LMIC | 10.7 |
Joossens16 (2014) | 2010 | GA/PS | Czechia | HIC | 10.3 |
Chisha36 (2019) | 2013 | SS/PS | Gambia | LMIC | 8.6 |
Saenz de Miera Juarez37 (2019) | 2017 | SS/PS | Mexico | LMIC | 8.2 |
Ahsan38 (2014) | 2013 | GA | Indonesia | LMIC | 8.0 |
Joossens16 (2014) | 2010 | GA/PS | Croatia | HIC | 7.6 |
Maldonado39 (2019) | 2013 | SS/PS | Colombia | LMIC | 6.4 |
Ross40 (2019) | 2018 | PS | Mongolia | LMIC | 6.3 |
Goodchild41 (2020) | 2016–17 | GA | India | LMIC | 6.0 |
ATO42 (2019) | 2016 | GA | Australia | HIC | 5.5 |
Joossens16 (2014) | 2010 | GA/PS | Hungary | HIC | 4.9 |
Joossens16 (2014) | 2010 | SS/PS | Albania | LMIC | 4.5 |
Joossens16 (2014) | 2010 | GA/PA | Spain | HIC | 3.6 |
Ajmal43 (2015) | 2013 | GA | New Zealand | HIC | 2.9 |
Joossens16 (2014) | 2010 | GA/PS | France | HIC | 2.6 |
Joossens16 (2014) | 2010 | GA/PS | Finland | HIC | 2.3 |
Little44 (2019) | 2017 | SS/PS | Georgia | LMIC | 1.5 |
Joossens16 (2014) | 2010 | GA/PS | Italy | HIC | 0.9 |
Joossens16 (2014) | 2010 | GA/PS | Austria | HIC | 0.8 |
Joossens16 (2014) | 2010 | GA/PS | Greece | HIC | 0.7 |
GA, gap analysis; HIC, high income country; LMIC, low and middle income country; PS, pack survey; SS, smokers survey.