Source of primary data on prices | Country | Illicit price (PPP/pack) | Legal price (PPP/pack) | Difference (% of legal) | Implied increase (%) |
Iglesias et al 18 (2017) | Brazil* | 1.2 | 1.7 | 71 | 40 |
Joossens et al 16 (2014) | France† | 4.2 | 6.0 | 70 | 43 |
Chisha et al 36 (2019) | Gambia* | 3.7 | 5.5 | 68 | 48 |
Brown et al 2 (2017) | Russia‡ | 2.7 | 4.0 | 67 | 49 |
Brown et al 2 (2017) | China‡ | 3.1 | 4.7 | 66 | 52 |
Saenz de Miera Juarez et al 37 (2019) | Mexico† | 3.4 | 5.2 | 65 | 53 |
Brown et al 2 (2017) | Ukraine‡ | 3.0 | 4.8 | 62 | 61 |
Liber et al 28 (2015) | Malaysia* | 3.0 | 4.9 | 69 | 65 |
van der Zee et al 25 (2020) | South Africa* | 1.6 | 3.2 | 50 | 100 |
Kaplan et al 32 (2018) | Turkey§ | 2.0 | 4.1 | 48 | 109 |
Authors estimate | Average | 2.8 | 4.4 | 63 | 59 |
*Illicit prices versus minimum legal price.
†Illicit prices versus cheapest legal brand.
‡Median illicit price versus median legal price.
§Packs with versus without stamps.
PPP, purchasing power parity or international dollars.