Participant characteristics by waterpipe tobacco (WT) dependence level, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 2017–2018
| High dependence* n=39 | Low dependence* n=49 | P value | |
| Sex (n(%)) | 0.82 | ||
| Male | 24 (61.5) | 29 (59.2) | |
| Female | 15 (38.5) | 20 (40.8) | |
| Age group (n(%)) | 0.026 | ||
| 18–24 years | 29 (74.4) | 25 (51.0) | |
| >25 years | 10 (25.6) | 24 (49.0) | |
| Race and ethnicity (n(%)) | 0.46 | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 19 (48.7) | 29 (59.2) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 5 (12.8) | 3 (6.1) | |
| Other | 15 (38.5) | 17 (34.7) | |
| Education level (n(%)) | 0.052 | ||
| High school or GED | 15 (38.5) | 12 (24.5) | |
| Some college or associate’s degree | 19 (48.7) | 20 (40.8) | |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 5 (12.8) | 17 (34.7) | |
| Yearly income (n(%)) | 0.15 | ||
| <US$50 000 | 23 (59.0) | 36 (73.5) | |
| >US$50 000 | 16 (41.0) | 13 (26.5) | |
| Use of other tobacco products† (n(%)) | 0.014 | ||
| Less than monthly | 14 (35.9) | 31 (63.3) | |
| Monthly or more | 24 (61.5) | 18 (36.7) | |
| Missing | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) |
*Level of WT dependence was established using the Lebanese Waterpipe Dependence Scale-11.25 Participants with scores >10, which indicate clinically relevant WT dependence, were classified in the high dependence group.
†Other tobacco products included cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos, little cigars, snus and smokeless tobacco.
GED, General Equivalency Diploma.