Descriptive statistics by tobacco use categories (n=2146)
| Tobacco use categories | Total | Maximum standardised difference* | ||||||
| Exclusive, non-daily cigarette | Exclusive HTP | Dual HTP and non-daily cigarette | Dual HTP and daily cigarette | Exclusive, daily cigarette | Before | After | ||
| 341 (15.9%) | 318 (14.8%) | 283 (13.2%) | 464 (21.6%) | 740 (34.5%) | 2146 | NA | ||
| Age | ||||||||
| 25–34 | 33 (9.7%) | 51 (16.0%) | 49 (17.3%) | 39 (8.4%) | 35 (4.7%) | 207 (9.6%) | NA | |
| 35–44 | 84 (24.6%) | 80 (25.2%) | 79 (27.9%) | 88 (19.0%) | 123 (16.6%) | 454 (21.2%) | ||
| 45–54 | 93 (27.3%) | 96 (30.2%) | 82 (29.0%) | 147 (31.7%) | 246 (33.2%) | 664 (30.9%) | ||
| 55–64 | 87 (25.5%) | 72 (22.6%) | 54 (19.1%) | 129 (27.8%) | 219 (29.6%) | 561 (26.1%) | ||
| 65+ | 44 (12.9%) | 19 (6.0%) | 19 (6.7%) | 61 (13.1%) | 117 (15.8%) | 260 (12.1%) | ||
| Continuous; mean (SD) | 50.2 (11.4) | 47.4 (11.0) | 46.4 (11.4) | 51.3 (11.0) | 53.1 (10.6) | 50.5 (11.2) | 0.37 | 0.08 |
| Quit attempt in past 12 months | ||||||||
| No | 295 (86.5%) | 285 (89.6%) | 178 (62.9%) | 320 (69.0%) | 671 (90.7%) | 1749 (81.5%) | 0.55 | 0.11 |
| Yes | 46 (13.5%) | 33 (10.4%) | 105 (37.1%) | 144 (31.0%) | 69 (9.3%) | 397 (18.5%) | ||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Women | 89 (26.1%) | 75 (23.6%) | 44 (15.5%) | 78 (16.8%) | 171 (23.1%) | 457 (21.3%) | 0.16 | 0.1 |
| Men | 252 (73.9%) | 243 (76.4%) | 239 (84.5%) | 386 (83.2%) | 569 (76.9%) | 1689 (78.7%) | ||
| Education | ||||||||
| High school | 102 (29.9%) | 100 (31.4%) | 80 (28.3%) | 142 (30.6%) | 290 (39.2%) | 714 (33.3%) | 0.19 | 0.06 |
| Junior college | 85 (24.9%) | 62 (19.5%) | 47 (16.6%) | 60 (12.9%) | 148 (20.0%) | 402 (18.7%) | 0.19 | 0.09 |
| University | 154 (45.2%) | 156 (49.1%) | 156 (55.1%) | 262 (56.5%) | 302 (40.8%) | 1030 (48.0%) | 0.22 | 0.06 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 202 (59.2%) | 220 (69.2%) | 194 (68.6%) | 291 (62.7%) | 432 (58.4%) | 1339 (62.4%) | 0.16 | 0.07 |
| Not married | 105 (30.8%) | 63 (19.8%) | 69 (24.4%) | 123 (26.5%) | 225 (30.4%) | 585 (27.3%) | 0.2 | 0.08 |
| Widowed/divorced | 34 (10.0%) | 35 (11.0%) | 20 (7.1%) | 50 (10.8%) | 83 (11.2%) | 222 (10.3%) | 0.12 | 0.02 |
| Household income | ||||||||
| Lowest | 66 (19.4%) | 45 (14.2%) | 42 (14.8%) | 61 (13.1%) | 158 (21.4%) | 372 (17.3%) | 0.16 | 0.08 |
| Lower | 69 (20.2%) | 54 (17.0%) | 57 (20.1%) | 101 (21.8%) | 150 (20.3%) | 431 (20.1%) | 0.09 | 0.06 |
| Higher | 75 (22.0%) | 65 (20.4%) | 71 (25.1%) | 112 (24.1%) | 147 (19.9%) | 470 (21.9%) | 0.09 | 0.03 |
| Highest | 63 (18.5%) | 97 (30.5%) | 82 (29.0%) | 131 (28.2%) | 154 (20.8%) | 527 (24.6%) | 0.17 | 0.06 |
| Unknown | 68 (19.9%) | 57 (17.9%) | 31 (11.0%) | 59 (12.7%) | 131 (17.7%) | 346 (16.1%) | 0.16 | 0.04 |
| Good self-rated health | ||||||||
| Bad | 49 (14.4%) | 37 (11.6%) | 29 (10.2%) | 63 (13.6%) | 107 (14.5%) | 285 (13.3%) | 0.10 | 0.04 |
| Good | 292 (85.6%) | 281 (88.4%) | 254 (89.8%) | 401 (86.4%) | 633 (85.5%) | 1861 (86.7%) | ||
| Self-reported mental illness | ||||||||
| None | 315 (92.4%) | 297 (93.4%) | 266 (94.0%) | 424 (91.4%) | 674 (91.1%) | 1976 (92.1%) | 0.08 | 0.08 |
| Yes | 26 (7.6%) | 21 (6.6%) | 17 (6.0%) | 40 (8.6%) | 66 (8.9%) | 170 (7.9%) | ||
| Geographical region | ||||||||
| Hokkaido+Tohoku | 44 (12.9%) | 47 (14.8%) | 35 (12.4%) | 57 (12.3%) | 90 (12.2%) | 273 (12.7%) | 0.07 | 0.03 |
| Kita-Kanto+Tokyo-ken | 119 (34.9%) | 137 (43.1%) | 108 (38.2%) | 176 (37.9%) | 288 (38.9%) | 828 (38.6%) | 0.11 | 0.05 |
| Chubu+Hokuriku+Chukyo-ken | 58 (17.0%) | 40 (12.6%) | 45 (15.9%) | 73 (15.7%) | 114 (15.4%) | 330 (15.4%) | 0.09 | 0.03 |
| Kinki (Osaka-ken+Keihan) | 63 (18.5%) | 50 (15.7%) | 54 (19.1%) | 77 (16.6%) | 123 (16.6%) | 367 (17.1%) | 0.06 | 0.03 |
| Chugoku+Shikoku | 26 (7.6%) | 20 (6.3%) | 11 (3.9%) | 43 (9.3%) | 60 (8.1%) | 160 (7.5%) | 0.16 | 0.07 |
| Kyushuu+Okinawa | 31 (9.1%) | 24 (7.5%) | 30 (10.6%) | 38 (8.2%) | 65 (8.8%) | 188 (8.8%) | 0.07 | 0.03 |
| Live alone | ||||||||
| No | 284 (83.3%) | 269 (84.6%) | 232 (82.0%) | 371 (80.0%) | 565 (76.4%) | 1721 (80.2%) | 0.15 | 0.11 |
| Yes | 57 (16.7%) | 49 (15.4%) | 51 (18.0%) | 93 (20.0%) | 175 (23.6%) | 425 (19.8%) | ||
| Type of housing | ||||||||
| Standalone property | 188 (55.1%) | 154 (48.4%) | 147 (51.9%) | 257 (55.4%) | 412 (55.7%) | 1158 (54.0%) | 0.13 | 0.03 |
| Private apartment | 131 (38.4%) | 132 (41.5%) | 110 (38.9%) | 173 (37.3%) | 262 (35.4%) | 808 (37.7%) | 0.09 | 0.06 |
| Public housing, company dormitory, other | 22 (6.5%) | 32 (10.1%) | 26 (9.2%) | 34 (7.3%) | 66 (8.9%) | 180 (8.4%) | 0.08 | 0.08 |
| Time-to-first-smoke | ||||||||
| <5 min | 68 (19.9%) | 63 (19.8%) | 60 (21.2%) | 128 (27.6%) | 220 (29.7%) | 539 (25.1%) | NA | |
| 6–15 min | 69 (20.2%) | 96 (30.2%) | 77 (27.2%) | 153 (33.0%) | 208 (28.1%) | 603 (28.1%) | ||
| 16–30 min | 40 (11.7%) | 50 (15.7%) | 37 (13.1%) | 72 (15.5%) | 120 (16.2%) | 319 (14.9%) | ||
| 31–60 min | 48 (14.1%) | 36 (11.3%) | 48 (17.0%) | 65 (14.0%) | 93 (12.6%) | 290 (13.5%) | ||
| >1 hour | 116 (34.0%) | 73 (23.0%) | 61 (21.6%) | 46 (9.9%) | 99 (13.4%) | 395 (18.4%) | ||
| Under 5 min | ||||||||
| No | 273 (80.1%) | 255 (80.2%) | 223 (78.8%) | 336 (72.4%) | 520 (70.3%) | 1607 (74.9%) | NA | |
| Yes | 68 (19.9%) | 63 (19.8%) | 60 (21.2%) | 128 (27.6%) | 220 (29.7%) | 539 (25.1%) | ||
| Under 15 min | ||||||||
| No | 204 (59.8%) | 159 (50.0%) | 146 (51.6%) | 183 (39.4%) | 312 (42.2%) | 1004 (46.8%) | NA | |
| Yes | 137 (40.2%) | 159 (50.0%) | 137 (48.4%) | 281 (60.6%) | 428 (57.8%) | 1142 (53.2%) | ||
| Under 30 min | ||||||||
| No | 164 (48.1%) | 109 (34.3%) | 109 (38.5%) | 111 (23.9%) | 192 (25.9%) | 685 (31.9%) | NA | |
| Yes | 177 (51.9%) | 209 (65.7%) | 174 (61.5%) | 353 (76.1%) | 548 (74.1%) | 1461 (68.1%) | ||
*Maximum absolute standardised mean difference before and after inverse probability weighting.
†The groupings comprise of the following prefectures:.‘Hokkaido+Tohoku’: Hokkaido, Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Yamagata,Fukushima,‘Kita-Kanto+Tokyo-ken’: Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo,Kanagawa, ‘Chubu+Hokuriku+Chukyo-ken’: Niigata, Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui,Yamanashi, Nagano, Gifu, Shizuoka, Aichi, Mie, ‘Kinki (Osaka-ken+Keihan)’: Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara, Wakayama, ‘Chugoku+Shikoku’: Tottori, Shimane, Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi,Tokushima, Kagawa, Ehime, Kochi, ‘Kyushuu+Okinawa’: Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki,Kagoshima, Okinawa.
HTP, heated tobacco product; NA, not available.