Impoverishing effect of tobacco-related expenditures by population groups in Vietnam
| Region | Ethnic group | Consumption quintiles | ||||
| Urban | Rural | Kinh and Hoa | Ethnic minorities | First consumption quintile | Other consumption quintile | |
| Population | 32 356 428 | 64 538 904 | 81 782 268 | 15 113 064 | 19 385 316 | 77 510 016 |
| Impoverishing effect (%) | 0.06 | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0.76 | 1.57 | 0.00 |
| Impoverishing effect (number of people) | 17 995 | 287 095 | 189 948 | 115 142 | 305 090 | 0 |
| Changes in poverty gap (%) | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 0.39 | 0.00 |
Source: Authors’ calculation using VHLSS 2018, GSO-WB and Liu et al.19
GSO-WB, General Statistics Office of Vietnam and the World Bank; VHLSS, Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey.