Table 1

The economic cost of smoking in Indonesia based on RRs from the USA and India, 2019 (Rp trillion)

Costs	GDP		GNI
Costs	RR India	RR USA	RR India	RR USA
20+
Direct cost	17.69	26.66	17.69	26.66
Indirect-morbidity cost	59.80	90.70	57.43	87.11
Indirect-mortality cost	81.58	152.90	78.35	146.85
Total	159.05	270.26	153.45	260.61
US$ billion	11.24	19.11	10.85	18.42
% of GDP	1.00	1.71
% of GNI			1.00	1.70
All population
Direct cost	17.92	27.67	17.92	27.67
Indirect-morbidity cost	60.15	92.21	57.77	88.55
Indirect-mortality cost	113.16	290.88	108.67	279.35
Total	191.23	410.76	184.36	395.58
US$ billion	13.52	29.04	13.03	27.96
% of GDP	1.21	2.59
% of GNI			1.20	2.58

The 2019 GDP (current LCU) is Rp 15 834 trillion; the 2019 GNI (current LCU) is Rp 15 360 trillion; the 2019 average exchange rate is US$1 to Rp 14 146.
Source: authors’ calculation.
GDP, gross domestic product; GNI, gross national income; LCU, Local Currency Unit; RR, relative risk.