Characteristics of study participants who used tobacco products (cigarettes or HTPs) at baseline (n=1810)
| Total n (%)* | Smoking behaviour change | ||||
| Increased (n=214) | Quit (n=259) | ||||
| Yes, n (%) | P value† | Yes, n (%) | P value† | ||
| Fear of COVID-19 | 0.37 | 0.00 | |||
| No | 745 (41.2) | 82 (11.0) | 135 (18.1) | ||
| Yes | 1065 (58.8) | 132 (12.4) | 124 (11.6) | ||
| Living in a COVID-19 endemic area | 0.59 | 0.30 | |||
| No | 538 (29.7) | 67 (12.5) | 84 (15.6) | ||
| Yes | 1272 (70.3) | 147 (11.6) | 175 (13.8) | ||
| Current smoking rules in the workplace | 0.054 | 0.00 | |||
| Indoor smoking ban | 835 (46.1) | 111 (13.3) | 106 (12.7) | ||
| Partial smoking ban | 410 (22.7) | 52 (12.7) | 51 (12.4) | ||
| No smoking ban | 105 (5.8) | 13 (12.4) | 8 (7.6) | ||
| Do not know | 460 (25.4) | 38 (8.3) | 94 (20.4) | ||
| Self-imposed smoking rules at home | 0.03 | 0.00 | |||
| Both cigarettes and HTPs prohibited | 448 (24.8) | 57 (12.7) | 107 (23.9) | ||
| Both cigarettes and HTPs allowed | 988 (54.6) | 110 (11.1) | 65 (6.6) | ||
| HTPs only allowed | 245 (13.5) | 39 (15.9) | 18 (7.4) | ||
| Do not know | 129 (7.1) | 8 (6.2) | 69 (53.5) | ||
| Type of tobacco use during the baseline survey | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Cigarettes only | 930 (51.4) | 88 (9.5) | 120 (12.9) | ||
| HTPs only | 293 (16.2) | 38 (13.0) | 60 (20.5) | ||
| Cigarettes and HTPs (dual use) | 587 (32.4) | 88 (15.0) | 79 (13.5) | ||
| Sex | 0.34 | 0.04 | |||
| Male | 1448 (80.0) | 166 (11.5) | 195 (13.5) | ||
| Female | 362 (20.0) | 48 (13.3) | 64 (17.7) | ||
| Age (years) | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
| 15–29‡ | 154 (8.5) | 25 (16.2) | 55 (35.7) | ||
| 30–39 | 186 (10.3) | 33 (17.7) | 37 (19.9) | ||
| 40–49 | 431 (23.8) | 71 (16.5) | 61 (14.2) | ||
| 50–59 | 516 (28.5) | 53 (10.3) | 58 (11.2) | ||
| 60–69 | 396 (21.9) | 24 (6.1) | 37 (9.3) | ||
| 70–75 | 127 (7.0) | 8 (6.3) | 11 (8.7) | ||
| Household income | 0.56 | 0.67 | |||
| Less than JPY2 million | 147 (8.1) | 20 (13.6) | 26 (17.7) | ||
| JPY2–6 million | 487 (26.9) | 52 (10.7) | 68 (14.0) | ||
| Over JPY6 million | 890 (49.2) | 113 (12.7) | 126 (14.2) | ||
| Prefer not to answer | 159 (8.8) | 18 (11.3) | 19 (12.0) | ||
| Do not know | 127 (7/0) | 11 (8.7) | 20 (15.8) | ||
| Self-rated health | 0.00 | 0.32 | |||
| Good | 1491 (82.4) | 153 (10.3) | 219 (14.7) | ||
| Poor | 319 (17.6) | 61 (19.1) | 40 (12.5) | ||
| Marital status | 0.07 | 0.00 | |||
| Married | 1074 (59.3) | 112 (10.4) | 142 (13.2) | ||
| Never married | 554 (30.6) | 74 (13.4) | 103 (18.6) | ||
| Divorced/widowed | 182 (10.1) | 28 (15.4) | 14 (7.7) | ||
| Alcohol use | 0.68 | 0.90 | |||
| No/quit | 495 (27.3) | 56 (11.3) | 70 (14.1) | ||
| Yes | 1315 (72.7) | 158 (12.0) | 189 (14.4) | ||
COVID-19 endemic areas were: Tokyo, Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa, Osaka, Hyogo, Fukuoka, Hokkaido, Ibaraki, Ishikawa, Gifu, Aichi and Kyoto.
*The percentage in total (n, %) indicates the column ratio.
†χ2 test.
‡Information on participants aged 15–19 is as follows: total (n=7, 0.4%), increased (n=1, 14.3%), quit (n=5, 71.4%). Information on participants aged 20–29 is as follows: total (n=147, 8.12%), increased (n=24, 16.3%), quit (n=50, 34.0%).
HTP, heated tobacco product; JPY, Japanese yen.