Table 3

Measures of tobacco retailer density/proximity across included studies

StudyDensity in egocentric neighbourhoods around homesProximity from home to outletDensity in administrative unitsProximity from census area centroid to tobacco outletDensity in egocentric neighbourhoods around schoolsProximity from school to tobacco outletDensity in egocentric neighbourhoods of activity spacesProximity from active spaces to tobacco outlet
Adults
Current smoking
 Barnes et al 36 x       
 Shareck et al 29 xx    xx
 Pearce et al 38   x     
 Pearce et al 32    x    
 Marashi-Pour et al 3   x     
 Kirst et al 27   x     
 Chuang et al*46 xxx     
Smoking initiation
 Cantrell et al 43   x     
Thirty-day abstinence
 Cantrell et al 45 xx      
 Fleischer et al 26 xx      
Six-month quit intentions/quit attempts
 Kirchner et al 51   x     
 Chaiton et al 25 xx      
Smoking cessation
 Shareck et al 28 xx    xx
 Halonen et al 35 xx      
 Pulakka et al 34  x      
Former smoker status
 Pearce et al 38   x     
Relapse
 Pulakka et al 34  x      
 Chaiton et al 25 xx      
 Fleischer et al 26 xx      
Youth
Current smoking
   Lipperman-Kreda et al 49 xx  xx  
 Lipperman-Kreda et al 53   x     
 Shortt et al 39   x x   
 Pokorny et al 55   x     
 Novak et al 4   x     
 Loomis et al 9   x     
 Chan and Leatherdale30     x   
 Adams et al 47     x   
 Scully et al 37     x   
 McCarthy et al 50     xx  
 Marsh et al 33     x   
 Lipperman-Kreda et al 48       x 
 Trapl et al 42     xx  
Lifetime smoking
  Schleicher et al 8 x   xx  
 Shortt et al 39   x x   
 Adachi-Mejia et al 52  xx     
 Lipperman-Kreda et al 54   x     
 Lipperman-Kreda et al 53   x     
 Adams et al 47     x   
Experimental smoking
 McCarthy et al 50     xx  
 Marsh et al 33     x   
Smoking initiation
 Pokorny et al 55   x     
Susceptibility to smoking
 Loomis et al 9   x     
 Chan and Leatherdale30     x   
 Marsh et al 33     x   
Current and lifetime e-cigarette use
 Giovenco et al 41     x   
 Bostean et al 40      x  
 Cole et al 31     xx  
Initiation of alternative/non-combustible tobacco products (including e-cigarettes)
 Cantrell et al 43  xx     
 Abdel Magid et al44   x     

  • *Level of smoking (number of cigarettes smoked per day) used as an outcome.