Study characteristics (N=26)
| Design elements | Count | Per cent |
| Study design | ||
| Randomised experiment | 12 | 46 |
| Quasi-experimental | 3 | 12 |
| Non-experimental | 11 | 42 |
| Design type | ||
| Cross-sectional | 22 | 85 |
| Longitudinal | 4 | 15 |
| Follow-up timing | ||
| 1 day | 1 | 4 |
| 1 week | 1 | 4 |
| 10 days | 1 | 4 |
| 6 weeks | 1 | 4 |
| Data collection | ||
| Sampling | ||
| Convenience | 12 | 46 |
| Probability | 14 | 54 |
| Modality | ||
| In-person | 7 | 27 |
| 3 | 12 | |
| Online | 8 | 31 |
| Phone | 4 | 15 |
| Multimodal | 4 | 15 |
| Country | ||
| USA | 23 | 88 |
| Canada | 1 | 4 |
| France | 1 | 4 |
| New Zealand | 1 | 4 |
| Sample description | ||
| Ages | ||
| Adults | 23 | 88 |
| Youth and adults | 1 | 4 |
| Not defined | 2 | 8 |
| Smoking status* | ||
| Current cigarette smoker | 25 | 96 |
| Former cigarette smoker | 4 | 15 |
| Non-smoker | 9 | 35 |
| Dual or poly tobacco user | 2 | 8 |
*Statuses add up over 100% given some studies sampled more than one smoking status.