All households | Low income | Middle income | High income | |
Food | ||||
Cereals | −0.00010*** | −0.00020*** | −0.00011*** | −0.00004*** |
Meat | 0.00019*** | 0.00023*** | 0.00019*** | 0.00015*** |
Fish | 0.00001 | −0.00002 | 0.00001 | 0.00001 |
Milk | 0.00005*** | 0.00009** | 0.00004*** | 0.00001 |
Other dairy products | −0.00008*** | −0.00006 | −0.00010*** | −0.00006*** |
Oils and fats | 0.00000 | 0.00001 | 0.00001 | −0.00001* |
Fruits and vegetables | −0.00005*** | −0.00005 | −0.00006** | −0.00003 |
Desserts | 0.00000 | 0.00001 | 0.00000 | −0.00002** |
Ready-made food | 0.00000 | 0.00000 | 0.00000 | −0.00001** |
Coffee and tea | 0.00002*** | 0.00005*** | 0.00001*** | 0.00000 |
Other non-alcoholic beverages | 0.00002*** | 0.00004** | 0.00002** | 0.00000 |
Clothing | −0.00009*** | −0.00023*** | −0.00008* | −0.00002 |
Housing and utilities | −0.00036*** | −0.00044*** | −0.00035*** | −0.00026*** |
Furniture | −0.00004** | −0.00001 | −0.00007** | −0.00003 |
Health | −0.00002 | 0.00000 | −0.00004 | 0.00000 |
Transportation | −0.00002 | −0.00005 | 0.00007 | −0.00009 |
Communication | 0.00003 | 0.00006 | 0.00001 | 0.00002 |
Recreation and culture | −0.00001 | −0.00006* | −0.00006*** | 0.00005 |
Education | −0.00014*** | −0.00006*** | −0.00019*** | −0.00013** |
Bars, restaurants and hotels | 0.00005*** | −0.00002 | 0.00001 | 0.00010*** |
Alcohol | 0.00009*** | 0.00007** | 0.00009*** | 0.00009*** |
Source: Authors’ calculations.
***P<0.01; **p<0.05; *p<0.1. Complete results available in online online supplemental table S4.