Macro and meso strategies used by corporations to influence science as identified in the Science for Profit Model (SPM)16
| Macro strategies* | Meso strategies |
| A. Influence the conduct and publication of science to skew evidence bases in industry’s favour | 1. Fund and undertake ‘safe’ research |
| 2. Covertly undertake or prevent ‘risky’ industry research | |
| 3. Control design and analysis of industry-funded science to ensure favourable results | |
| 4. Shape and undermine external research | |
| 5. Ensure favourable research is heavily represented in the evidence base | |
| 6. Control reporting and suppress publication of unfavourable science | |
| B. Influence the interpretation of science to undermine unfavourable science and create a distorted picture of the evidence base | 7. Develop and promote criteria and concepts for critiquing science which can be used to further industry arguments |
| 8. Obtain and reanalyse raw data from unfavourable science | |
| 9. Attack and misrepresent science | |
| 10. Monitor and attack scientists and organisations | |
| C. Influence the reach of science to create an ‘echo chamber’ for industry’s scientific messaging | 11. Use legal means to protect industry evidence from being discovered or accessed |
| 12. Contract messengers to create scientific ‘echo chambers’ | |
| 13. Fund, produce and disseminate materials which package science in industry-favourable ways | |
| 14. Use education, events and meetings to disseminate industry-favourable scientific messages to key stakeholders | |
| 15. Maximise press coverage of industry-favourable scientific messages | |
| E. Manufacture trust in industry and its scientific messaging | 18. Manufacture a picture of industry credibility |
| 19. Conceal industry’s involvement in science, scientific messaging and influence on policy reforms that affect the use of science |
*The SPM also outlines a fifth macro-level strategy which focuses on industry influence on the use of science in policy decision-making. We omit this strategy—macro strategy D, ‘Create industry-friendly policymaking environments which shape the use of science in policy decision-making in industry’s favour’ (and its meso-level strategies 16 and 17), since this was not the focus of our study.