Adjusted association of individual–level and country–level characteristics with use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes in WHO European region countries, ESPAD 2019
| Current use (ie, past 30 days) (vs none) | Ever use (vs none) | |||||
| E-cigarettes OR (95% CI) | Cigarettes OR (95% CI) | Dual use OR (95% CI) | E-cigarettes OR (95% CI) | Cigarettes OR (95% CI) | Dual use OR (95% CI) | |
| Individual level | ||||||
| Girls (vs boys) | 0.53*** (0.45 to 0.63) | 1.17** (1.05 to 1.30) | 0.72*** (0.64 to 0.82) | 0.50*** (0.43 to 0.60) | 1.23*** (1.10 to 1.37) | 0.67*** (0.60 to 0.75) |
| High education in the family (vs primary/secondary) | 0.86*** (0.79 to 0.94) | 0.81*** (0.76 to 0.87) | 0.75*** (0.67 to 0.83) | 0.90* (0.82 to 0.98) | 0.85*** (0.79 to 0.92) | 0.81*** (0.73 to 0.90) |
| Perceived family’s financial well-being (continuous, from lowest to highest) | 1.05* (1.01 to 1.08) | 0.99 (0.97 to 1.01) | 1.05* (1.00 to 1.10) | 1.03 (1.00 to 1.07) | 0.96** (0.94 to 0.99) | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.05) |
| Perceived difficulty of getting cigarettes (continuous, from lowest to highest) | 0.91*** (0.88 to 0.95) | 0.87*** (0.82 to 0.91) | 0.80*** (0.76 to 0.85) | 0.94*** (0.92 to 0.96) | 0.91*** (0.89 to 0.93) | 0.83*** (0.79 to 0.86) |
| Country level | ||||||
| Score on e–cigarette regulations (continuous) | 0.78* (0.65 to 0.94) | 0.96 (0.79 to 1.15) | 0.80* (0.67 to 0.95) | 0.86 (0.74 to 1.01) | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.18) | 0.86 (0.72 to 1.03) |
| MPOWER score 2014–2018 increase (vs no/decrease) | 0.66 (0.40 to 1.06) | 2.02 (0.83 to 4.93) | 0.97 (0.55 to 1.73) | 0.79 (0.51 to 1.23) | 2.34 (0.88 to 6.22) | 1.18 (0.62 to 2.26) |
| Middle-income country group (vs high) | 0.33*** (0.19 to 0.58) | 1.51 (0.80 to 2.84) | 0.46** (0.27 to 0.76) | 0.40** (0.21 to 0.75) | 2.42** (1.27 to 4.61) | 0.55* (0.31 to 0.96) |
All listed variables were included as fixed effects in each of the six weighted multilevel models with a country random intercept. Starting from the multivariable model on current e-cigarette use (from left to right), the unweighted numbers of observations were 64 182; 69 459; 64 480; 67 085; 49 096; and 60 578 from 32 countries.
***P<0.001; **p<0.01; *p<05.
ESPAD, European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs.