Table 3

Association between food insecurity and use of tobacco products on logistic regression models (n=13 705)

Tobacco products (outcome)
Combustible cigaretteHeated tobacco productsE-cigaretteAny type*
OR (95% CI)OR (95% CI)OR (95% CI)OR (95% CI)
Food insecurity
 NoneReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
 Mild1.38 (1.01 to 1.89)0.23 (0.06 to 0.80)1.27 (0.57 to 2.86)1.45 (1.07 to 1.98)
 Moderate-to-severe3.36 (1.87 to 6.03)1.63 (0.56 to 4.75)3.49 (1.31 to 9.28)3.31 (1.85 to 5.92)
Sex
 MaleReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
 Female0.13 (0.11 to 0.15)0.21 (0.16 to 0.27)0.23 (0.16 to 0.34)0.13 (0.11 to 0.15)
Age group
 <30ReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
 30–391.52 (1.18 to 1.95)1.21 (0.80 to 1.84)0.87 (0.55 to 1.39)1.56 (1.23 to 1.99)
 40–491.38 (1.07 to 1.78)0.92 (0.61 to 1.39)0.47 (0.29 to 0.75)1.32 (1.03 to 1.69)
 50–591.07 (0.84 to 1.36)0.32 (0.18 to 0.55)0.16 (0.08 to 0.33)0.97 (0.77 to 1.23)
 ≥600.48 (0.38 to 0.62)0.05 (0.02 to 0.11)0.16 (0.07 to 0.35)0.46 (0.36 to 0.59)
Educational level
 Elementary or belowReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
 Middle school1.31 (1.03 to 1.68)2.64 (0.61 to 11.37)6.13 (1.71 to 22.02)1.36 (1.07 to 1.73)
 High school0.97 (0.76 to 1.25)3.14 (0.78 to 12.62)6.41 (1.42 to 28.97)1.00 (0.78 to 1.27)
 College or above0.55 (0.42 to 0.72)3.12 (0.77 to 12.63)5.35 (1.19 to 23.95)0.57 (0.44 to 0.75)
Household income
 Q1ReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
 Q20.92 (0.75 to 1.12)0.92 (0.59 to 1.42)1.02 (0.62 to 1.68)0.89 (0.73 to 1.08)
 Q30.87 (0.69 to 1.08)1.08 (0.69 to 1.69)1.04 (0.61 to 1.78)0.89 (0.71 to 1.10)
 Q40.62 (0.49 to 0.78)0.83 (0.52 to 1.33)1.05 (0.61 to 1.80)0.66 (0.53 to 0.82)
Employment status
 EmployedReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
 Unemployed0.76 (0.67 to 0.87)0.63 (0.47 to 0.86)0.73 (0.50 to 1.07)0.77 (0.68 to 0.88)
Marital status
 Married (having children)ReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
 Married (not having children)1.00 (0.82 to 1.21)1.08 (0.76 to 1.54)1.25 (0.70 to 2.23)1.04 (0.86 to 1.26)
 Unmarried/others1.45 (1.18 to 1.77)1.00 (0.70 to 1.42)1.45 (0.96 to 2.19)1.49 (1.23 to 1.82)
  • *Use of any types of combustible cigarette or heated tobacco products or e-cigarette.