A multi-demensional examination of the positive reinforcing properties of acetaldehyde
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2023, Drug and Alcohol DependenceAlcohol, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier function in health and disease across development
2022, International Review of NeurobiologyCitation Excerpt :Normally, blood acetaldehyde levels do not reflect what is observed in the brain as it is screened out by the BBB (Tabakoff, Anderson, & Ritzmann, 1976). While it is believed that de novo acetaldehyde is produced through the metabolism of CNS ethanol by regional ADH (Martínez et al., 2001), increased access of peripheral acetaldehyde into the brain may produce biologically active levels capable of producing reinforcement as observed when acetaldehyde was administered directly into the brain (Amit & Smith, 1985; Brown, Amit, & Rockman, 1979; Myers, Ng, & Singer, 1984; Quertemont, 2004; Rodd-Henricks et al., 2002). In addition, when chronic or high levels of ethanol are consumed, the microsomal ethanol oxidation system (MEOS) and induction of CYP2E1 is also utilized to oxidize ethanol into acetaldehyde (Crabb & Liangpunsakul, 2007).
Acetaldehyde production capacity of salivary microflora in alcoholics during early recovery
2015, AlcoholCitation Excerpt :These changes may in turn affect dopaminergic function, driving craving and so maintaining continued alcohol intake (Addolorato, Leggio, Abenavoli, Gasbarini, & Alcoholism Treatment Study Group, 2005; Naoi, Maruyama, & Nagy, 2004). Acetaldehyde has been shown to have both reinforcing (Amit & Smith, 1985; Myers & Veale, 1996; Quintanilla & Tampier, 2003a) and aversive effects (Myers et al., 1984; Quintanilla, Callejas, & Tampier, 2002; Quintanilla & Tampier, 2003b) on alcohol ingestion in animal models. Several examples of the clinical expression of this bi-directional role played by acetaldehyde in the initiation and maintenance of alcohol dependence exist.
Acetaldehyde self-administration by a two-bottle choice paradigm: Consequences on emotional reactivity, spatial learning, and memory
2015, AlcoholCitation Excerpt :The flavor of the drinking fluid may serve as a reinforcement by itself. Organoleptic features of the drinking solution could act as a potential secondary reinforcement, acquiring a conditioned value by virtue of the association with the primary reinforcing properties of ACD (Amit & Smith, 1985; Brancato et al., 2014; Cacace et al., 2012; Peana, Muggironi, & Diana, 2010; Plescia, Brancato, et al., 2013). Thus, in the present study, the conditioned stimuli may have a role in facilitating the free-choice and the drinking behavior for ACD solutions, as occurs with alcohol (Clemente-Jimenez, Mingorance-Cazorla, Martínez-Rodríguez, Las Heras-Vázquez, & Rodríguez-Vico, 2005; Muñoz, Peinado, Medina, & Moreno, 2005; Osborne, Mira de Orduña, Pilone, & Liu, 2000).
Piecing together the puzzle of acetaldehyde as a neuroactive agent
2012, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral ReviewsCitation Excerpt :Thus, self-administration of 2% (v/v) acetaldehyde i.c.v. was related to the subsequent voluntary oral intake of ethanol at concentrations between 9% and 19% (v/v) (Amit and Smith, 1985). These results suggest that the central mechanisms mediating the reinforcing effects of acetaldehyde also subserve the reinforcing properties of ingested ethanol (Amit and Smith, 1985). Moreover, although it is well known that increases in peripheral acetaldehyde are associated with toxic or uncomfortable reactions, several decades ago, in Long Evans rats, it was demonstrated that i.v. self-injections of acetaldehyde (1% or 2%, v/v) during 20 days increased voluntary oral consumption of ethanol (concentrations ranging from 3% to 30%, v/v) in free-choice situations (Myers et al., 1984a).