Original articleDifferences between smokers, ex-smokers passive smokers and non-smokers
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An association of smoking with serum urate and gout: A health paradox
2018, Seminars in Arthritis and RheumatismCitation Excerpt :Furthermore, large cohorts were used in several studies that found no association between smoking and serum urate [154,156–158,160,182,192,196,198,200,202,205,211–213,219,222,226,228,230,233]. A further possible explanation for the conflicting results could be that many studies pooled ex-smokers with never-smokers or with current-smokers, despite evidence that ex-smokers, with the exception of ex-smokers who maintained abstinence for over 15–20 years, are different from never-smokers in terms of their risk of chronic diseases and metabolic diseases [277–279]. Of the studies of male cohorts that compared current- to never-smokers, by excluding or assessing ex-smokers separately, many found evidence to indicate that current-smokers have lower levels of serum urate than never-smokers [50,52,62,64,70–72,76,77,81,82,86,89,97,101,102,104,111], while none of these studies reported higher serum urate in current-smokers.
Does maternal environmental tobacco smoke interact with social-demographics and environmental factors on congenital heart defects?
2018, Environmental PollutionCitation Excerpt :While the biological plausibility of interactive relationships with SES and social factors with ETS on CHDs are not clear, it has been reported that economically disadvantaged individuals may be more likely to have greater exposure to adverse risk factors (e.g. smoke more cigarettes), and that this accumulation of risk factors may increase the risk of CHDs compared with those in high SES groups (Rauh et al., 2004; Townsend et al., 1991; Bobak, 2000; Heslop et al., 2001). In addition, active smoking among pregnant women has been associated with lower intake of micronutrients, lower quality diet and high fat diet (Margetts and Jackson, 1993; Rogers et al., 1998; Thornton et al., 1994). Meanwhile, populations with low SES also tend to have lower-quality diets and inadequate intake of trace elements, especially for iron, folic acid, and micronutrients, which are essential for organ generation (Block and Abrams, 1993; Simon et al., 1992).
Factors associated with electronic cigarette use among current cigarette-smoking adolescents in the Republic of Korea
2017, Addictive BehaviorsCitation Excerpt :Our findings may be partly because current e-cigarette users are more prone to deviance and less prone to conventionality when compared to former e-cigarette users. Although we could not find empirical studies on e-cigarette use to support this claim, previous studies on cigarette use have revealed that current users are more deviant and less conventional than former users, indicating lower likelihoods of conventional behaviors and greater likelihoods of deviant behaviors among current users (Bonard, Janin-Jacquat, & Michaud, 2001; Thornton, Lee, & Fry, 1994). Our study has two principal strengths, which enhanced the generalizability of findings: we analyzed nationally representative data, while incorporating characteristics of a complex sampling design.
Epidemiological evidence on environmental tobacco smoke and cancers other than lung or breast
2016, Regulatory Toxicology and PharmacologyCitation Excerpt :These were discussed in more detail earlier (Lee, 2002) and are only outlined below. Since ETS exposure is associated with dietary and other lifestyle factors associated with adverse health (Dallongeville et al., 1998; Forastiere et al., 2000; Iribarren et al., 2001; Thornton et al., 1994) it is important that studies adequately adjust for these factors, especially where a weak relationship between ETS and incidence of a cancer is seen. The tendency for some current or former smokers to deny having smoked, coupled with the tendency of spouses to have similar smoking habits, is known to bias upward the relationship of spousal smoking to lung cancer (Fry and Lee, 2001; Hackshaw et al., 1997; Lee et al., 2016).
Dietary patterns among a national sample of British children aged 11/2-41/2 years
2009, Public Health NutritionDeterminants of maternal and neonatal PFAS concentrations: a review
2023, Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source