A carbon monoxide analyzer for measurement of smoking behavior
An electrochemically based CO analyzer (Ecolyzer) suitable for use in smoking assessment is described. The relative advantages over other instruments, reliability, accuracy, and factors influencing the use of this instrument are discussed.
Reference Notes (2)
- KopelS. et al.
Carbon monoxide monitoring: Clinical and research utility for smoking reduction
- Hughes, G. Personal communication, August...
Cited by (69)
Ethnic similarities and differences in reasons for smoking
2006, Addictive BehaviorsWe examined reasons for smoking among Black and White smokers. We hypothesized that Blacks would be more likely than Whites to cite tension reduction and less likely to cite weight control as a reason for smoking. Black (n = 100) and White (n = 100) female smokers completed the Reasons for Smoking Scale and the Smoking Situations Questionnaire. Regardless of treatment status, Blacks and Whites differed in their reasons for smoking [F(6, 191) = 2.24; p < .05]. Blacks, as compared to Whites, less strongly endorsed weight concern as a reason for smoking [F(1, 198) = 6.10; p < .05]. Results failed to reveal differences in tension reduction, stimulation, handling, relaxation, addiction, and habit as a function of ethnicity. Results suggest that Blacks and Whites exhibit more similarity than difference in their reasons for smoking.
Weight concerns and smoking in Black and White female smokers
2005, Addictive BehaviorsWe examined whether the weight concerns of Blacks and Whites who enroll in smoking-cessation treatment differed from women who declined treatment. Black (n=100) and White (n=100) female smokers completed four measures of weight concern. Whites reported more general weight concern and smoking-specific weight concern than Blacks did. Treatment enrollers reported more general and smoking-specific weight concerns than decliners did. After controlling for BMI, SES, and number of cigarettes, ethnicity accounted for significant variance in general and smoking-specific weight concerns. Overall, Blacks reported less weight concerns than the Whites did, but when Blacks enrolled in treatment, these differences were less apparent.
Eating pathology among Black and White smokers
2005, Eating BehaviorsAmong White smokers, many females use smoking as a weight control strategy. Little is known about the relationship between eating pathology and smoking among Black females, and whether smokers who enroll in treatment differ in eating pathology from smokers who decline treatment. We examined eating pathology among Black and White smokers who enrolled in a smoking cessation treatment and those who declined treatment. Participants were 100 Black and 100 White female smokers (ages 18–65) who completed three measures of eating pathology. After controlling for BMI, Whites reported greater levels of overall eating pathology than Blacks [F(1,195)=4.1; p<0.05]. Treatment enrollers reported greater levels of disinhibited eating [F(1,197)=15.0; p<0.001) and hunger awareness [F(1,197)=5.6, p<0.05] than treatment decliners, but did not differ in bulimic symptoms. Status of treatment enrollment accounted for the most variance in disinhibited eating (7%; p<.001) and hunger awareness (2.9%; p<0.05). Results indicate that overall pathological eating behaviors are greater among White than Black smokers. However, once females seek smoking cessation treatment, these ethnic differences are not apparent.
A placebo controlled randomized trial of the effects of phenylpropanolamine and nicotine gum on cessation rates and postcessation weight gain in women
2005, Addictive BehaviorsWith smoking prevalence rates beginning to decline, studies designed to promote cessation in more challenging populations, like weight-concerned smokers, warrant attention. This study assessed the efficacy of two forms of pharmacotherapy [nicotine and phenylpropanolamine (PPA) gums] in addition to a 13-week cognitive behavioral smoking cessation program targeted for women. Participants were 439 females who met rigorous screening criteria and were randomized to one of the three treatment intervention groups (PPA gum, nicotine gum, or placebo gum). All participants attended a 13-week cognitive behavioral smoking cessation program and were given specific instructions on gum chewing. At posttest (13 weeks), and 6- and 12-month follow-ups, body weight and point prevalence abstinence were assessed. Analyses to determine potential differences between treatment groups on weight change and cessation rates were performed. Results indicated that neither change in body weight nor cessation rates significantly differed between groups. Attendance to sessions did appear to consistently increase the likelihood of quitting smoking at posttest and at each of the follow-ups. These results suggest that although the pharmacological interventions had no effect on cessation rates and postcessation weight gain, the behavioral component of the intervention was effective in increasing the odds of quitting smoking in weight-concerned women. Future efforts should focus on increasing adherence to behavioral program components, particularly session attendance.
Exhaled carbon monoxide and urinary cotinine as measures of smoking in pregnancy
1997, Addictive BehaviorsWe examined the relationships among self-reported cigarette consumption, exhaled carbon monoxide, and urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio in pregnant women. Information on these measures of smoking was collected at first and 36th week prenatal visits. Correlations between cigarette consumption and exhaled carbon monoxide were .65 at the first visit and .70 at the 36th-week visit. For urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio, the correlations were .61 and .65, respectively, at these visits. Correlations with change in cigarette consumption between the two visits were .37 for change in carbon monoxide and .33 for change in urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio. Urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio had slightly higher overall agreement with self-reported smoking status and was less likely to misclassify smokers than carbon monoxide. We conclude that urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio is the more accurate measure for validating smoking status among pregnant women, but exhaled carbon monoxide is the better measure of cigarette consumption and of changes in consumption.
Effects of three doses of transdermal nicotine on post-cessation eating, hunger and weight
1997, Journal of Substance AbuseSmokers were randomly assigned to 0, 7, 14 or 21 mg doses of transdermal nicotine and had their eating and weight followed for 6 weeks. Among the 66 subjects who were abstinent for all 6 weeks, caloric, carbohydrate and fat intake, hunger, and weight increased in those on placebo, but alcohol, caffeine and protein intake did not. Nicotine patch decreased caloric, carbohydrate and fat intake in a dose-related manner, showed a trend for weight and showed no effect for hunger. Neither abstinence from smoking nor nicotine therapy shifted the percent of calories from sweets or carbohydrates. We conclude nicotine replacement reduces post-cessation increases in eating but does not have a specific effect on sweet intake.