Objective To update a systematic review published in 2013 that focused on evaluating the
effectiveness of interventions within the scope of physical therapy, including exercise …

Background Tax policy is considered the most effective strategy to reduce tobacco
consumption and prevalence. Tax avoidance and tax evasion therefore undermine the …

Background Following a legal agreement with the European Union (EU), Philip Morris
International (PMI) commissions a yearly report ('Project Star', PS) on the European illicit …

Objectives: To quantify the implementation of tobacco control policies at country level using
a new Tobacco Control Scale and to report initial results using the scale. Method: A …

Untitled Page 1 Page 2 1 The Tobacco Control Scale 2013 in Europe Luk Joossens1 & Martin
Raw2 1. Advocacy Officer, Association of European Cancer Leagues, Tobacco Control Expert …

Cigarette smuggling, now on the increase, is so widespread and well organised that it poses
a serious threat to public health. This threat comes from two principal directions. First …

Background Tobacco use is still highly prevalent in Europe, despite the tobacco control
efforts made by the governments. The development of tobacco control policies varies …

Background: The illicit tobacco trade results in huge losses of revenue to governments,
estimated at $ US40–50 billion in 2006, and in increased consumption and thus health …

Aims The purpose of this study was to update global estimates of the illicit cigarette trade,
based on recent data, and estimate how many lives could be saved by eliminating it and …

Limited data on smoking prevalence allowing valid between-country comparison are
available in Europe. The aim of this study is to provide data on smoking prevalence and its …