OBJECTIVES: To collect available international data on nicotine dependence as defined by
the Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence, and to compare levels of dependence among …

Background There is a west–east mortality gradient in Europe, more pronounced in men.
The objective of this article was to quantify the contribution of alcohol use to the gap in …

Abstract Background and Aims: Over the last decades, Europe has experienced dramatic
changes in the geographical variation of liver cirrhosis rates. We attempt to provide a …

Alcohol consumption is a major cause of disease and death. In a previous study, we
reported that in 2002, 3.6% of all cases of cancer and a similar proportion of cancer deaths …

For many years, tobacco smoking was the major single avoidable cause of premature
mortality in Poland. In the 1970s and 1980s, Poland was a country with an extremely high …

Alcohol use is a major risk factor for burden of disease. This narrative review aims to
document the effects of major alcohol control policies, in particular taxation increases and …

ANALYSIS Page 1 Europe’s men need their own health strategy A recent European report on
men’s health shows that it lags behind that of women. Alan White and colleagues analyse the …

Methods| We used the World Health Organization (WHO) Mortality Database, which
compiles mortality data by age, sex, and cause of death as reported by individual member …

Abstract Background: In 2011 the European Commission launched the report 'The State of
Men's Health in Europe'covering the health of 290 million men across 34 European …

Alcohol consumption in the Baltic countries and Poland is among the highest globally,
causing high all-cause mortality rates. Contrary to Poland, the Baltic countries have adopted …