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Abstract
Objectives This cross-sectional study examined price-related promotions for tobacco products on Twitter.
Methods Through the Twitter Firehose, we obtained access to all public tweets posted between 6 December 2012 and 20 June 2013 that contained a keyword suggesting a tobacco-related product or behaviour (eg, cigarette, vaping) in addition to a keyword suggesting a price promotion (eg, coupon, discount). From this data set of 155 249 tweets, we constructed a stratified sampling frame based on the price-related keywords and randomly sampled 5000 tweets (3.2%). Tweets were coded for product type and promotion type. Non-English tweets and tweets unrelated to a tobacco or cessation price promotion were excluded, leaving an analytic sample of 2847 tweets.
Results The majority of tweets (97.0%) mentioned tobacco products while 3% mentioned tobacco cessation products. E-cigarettes were the most frequently mentioned product (90.1%), followed by cigarettes (5.4%). The most common type of price promotion mentioned across all products was a discount. About a third of all e-cigarette-related tweets included a discount code. Banned or restricted price promotions comprised about 3% of cigarette-related tweets.
Conclusions This study demonstrates that the vast majority of tweets offering price promotions focus on e-cigarettes. Future studies should examine the extent to which Twitter users, particularly youth, notice or engage with these price promotion tweets.
- Price
- Surveillance and monitoring
- Electronic nicotine delivery devices
- Advertising and Promotion
Statistics from Altmetric.com
The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (FSPTCA) implemented price-related restrictions for regulated tobacco products, that is, cigarettes, cigarette tobacco, roll-your-own tobacco and smokeless tobacco (Title 1, Sec. 102).1 The act bans the mail-order redemption of coupons and distribution of free samples of cigarettes (see §1140.16).2 Furthermore, it prohibits companies from offering branded non-tobacco promotional items and providing non-tobacco gifts in exchange for purchasing cigarettes or smokeless tobacco (see §1140.34).2 E-cigarettes, which currently are not regulated unless marketed for therapeutic purposes,3 are exempt from price-related restrictions.
Despite the new restrictions implemented by the FSPTCA, price promotions remain prevalent, particularly over the internet. Price promotions account for almost a third of online tobacco industry-sponsored advertisements and feature both regulated (eg, cigarettes, snus) and unregulated (eg, e-cigarettes, cigars) products.4 Moreover, data on Twitter suggest a third of commercially motivated, e-cigarette-related tweets mention price or discounts.5
To the best of our knowledge, no studies have characterised the price promotions disseminated on Twitter or the tobacco products for which promotions are offered. We investigate the types of price-related promotions being offered (eg, free samples, discounts, promotional items, retail value-added promotions), types of tobacco-related products (ie, tobacco and smoking cessation products) featured in promotions and the source of tweets.
Methods
We obtained data from Gnip, Inc (http://www.gnip.com), a licensed Twitter data provider that uses a data streaming process known as the ‘Firehose’. The Firehose provides access to 100% of public tweets and metadata.6 Tweets posted between 6 December 2012 and 20 June 2013 were collected on the basis of keyword rules.
Our team of experts in health behaviour and tobacco control policy identified keywords associated with tobacco-related behaviour (eg, smoking, cigarette, e-cigarette, tobacco) and their abbreviated and plural variations. Using these keywords, we extracted 35 373 122 potentially relevant tweets from the Firehose. Drawing on previous research,5 ,7 we identified keywords associated with price-related promotions (eg, coupon, promo). We applied these keywords and their variations as a filter for the potentially tobacco-related tweets to create a data set of 155 249 tweets. To ensure sampling of a variety of tweets, we constructed a stratified sampling frame based on two strata: (1) whether the tweet contained a price-related keyword (including abbreviated and plural variations) and (2) whether the tweet contained one or multiple price-related keywords (see online supplementary appendix for a full list of price-related and tobacco-related keywords). We randomly sampled from each stratum proportional to its size, resulting in an initial sample of 5000 tweets (3.2%). Non-English tweets and tweets unrelated to a tobacco or cessation price promotion were excluded, leaving an analytic sample of 2847 tweets.
Measures
Raters reviewed the analytic sample of tweets, assessing three domains: product type, promotion type and tweet source.
Product type
We coded for whether tweets mentioned the following products: cessation products, cigarettes, cigars, e-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco. For these product categories, we noted the brands mentioned, if any, and the type of product described: cigar (eg, traditional size, little cigar/cigarillo); smokeless tobacco (eg, moist snuff, snus, dissolvable tobacco); e-cigarette component (eg, device, juice/e-liquid) and variety (eg, flavour); and cessation product (eg, nicotine replacement patch, gum). We also tracked when tweets mentioned products not included in previous categories or left the product type unspecified (eg, stop smoking aids).
Promotion type
Price-related promotions were defined as promotions that lower the real or perceived price of product use and may thus encourage product use. These promotions included but were not limited to those banned or restricted by the FSPTCA. We tracked mentions of free samples, retail value-added tobacco products (eg, multipack offers like “Buy one pack of cigarettes, get another pack free”), retail value-added non-tobacco products (eg, “Buy two packs, get a cigarette lighter”), duty-free promotions, branded non-tobacco items (eg, T-shirt branded with a tobacco product brand name, logo or other indicia), free shipping and price comparisons relative to another product (eg, suggestion that one product or brand is cheaper than another). We also coded for discounts by noting when tweets implied or stated that a product could be purchased for a price that was lower than usual (eg, mentioning “discount” or a percentage or dollar amount off a product). For these discount tweets, we additionally coded for the mention of discount codes. Discount code mentions represent a purchase cue and may encourage the purchase of a product beyond a general mention of a discount. Lastly, we tracked when tweets mentioned a promotion but did not specify the type (eg, “Electronic Cigarette Coupons E-CIG|READY http://t.co/fTaMXr3sky,” “Check Out The Newest E-cig Coupons! http://t.co/VWgQ1mt7yM”).
Tweet source
The tweet source was composed of two non-mutually exclusive measures: (1) whether or not the tweet was commercial and (2) whether or not the tweet was conversational. Using a measure of commerciality used in a previous study, we visited the websites embedded in the tweets.5 Tweets that directly or indirectly linked to tobacco or cessation vendor websites were coded as ‘commercial’. Commercial tweets linked to three categories of websites, which we tracked to capture the range of sites through which products are promoted: tobacco or cessation vendor sites, landing sites and cross-industry promotional sites. Vendor sites (eg, http://www.v2cigs.com, http://www.greensmoke.com) offered tobacco or cessation products for purchase. Landing sites (eg, http://www.esafecigarette.org, http://www.nitro-hq.com) provided information or reviews on multiple tobacco or cessation products and linked to tobacco or cessation vendor sites. Cross-industry promotional sites (eg, http://oddcoupons.com, http://www.catalogspot.com) promoted both tobacco-related and non-tobacco-related products and linked to tobacco or cessation vendor sites. To assess whether or not a tweet was conversational, we examined the tweet's content. Conversational tweets expressed a testimonial about one's experience with a price promotion (eg, “I got a free pack of cigarettes! I gave the lady a coupon for $$1.50 off a box of cigarettes and when she punched in the code it was free!”).
Coding procedures
The tweets were divided among four trained coders, who coded the tweets using a Microsoft Access form, a detailed codebook, the tweet text and the URLs of any websites embedded in the tweet. Pairs of coders double-coded 100 tweets for checking intercoder reliability. The prevalence and bias adjusted κ was found to be acceptably high (κ=0.64 to 1.00).8 An additional coder adjudicated discrepancies.
Results
We calculated descriptive statistics using Stata V.12.1. Our analytic sample contained 2847 tweets by 2102 unique Twitter handles, which had an average of 3951 followers (range 1–320 902).
Product type
Table 1 highlights that the majority of tweets mentioned tobacco products (97%; 95% CI 96.4% to 97.6%) and that e-cigarettes were the most frequently mentioned product (90.1%; 95% CI 89.0% to 91.2%), followed by cigarettes (5.4%; 95% CI 4.5% to 6.2%). Few tweets mentioned smokeless tobacco or cigars (0.4%; 95% CI 0.2% to 0.7% and 0.2%; 95% CI 0.1% to 0.4%, respectively). No tweets mentioned snus or dissolvable products. About 2% (95% CI 1.2% to 2.1%) of tweets involved cessation products approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), like nicotine replacement patch and gum and non-nicotine medications (ie, bupropion/Zyban, varenicline/Chantix). Non-FDA approved cessation products and methods, such as hypnotherapy, were mentioned by 1% (95% CI 0.6% to 1.3%).
Number of tweets and 95% CIs by product type (n=2847)
Given the low occurrence of other product types, analyses of brands and promotion types focus only on e-cigarettes, cigarettes and cessation products. Of e-cigarette tweets mentioning brands, V2cigs and Green Smoke were the most common brands (44.5%; 95% CI 42.7% to 46.3% and 40.6%; 95% CI 38.8% to 42.4%, respectively). For cigarettes, Marlboro and Camel were the most common brands (31.8%; 95% CI 16.4% to 52.7% and 13.6%; 95% CI 4.7% to 33.3%, respectively). Nicoderm and Nicorette each comprised 43.2% (95% CI 29.7% to 57.8%) of brand mentions among cessation product tweets.
Promotion type
Table 2 shows that discounts were the most common form of price promotion, with 61% to 89% of tweets in each product category mentioning discounts. About a third of e-cigarette-related tweets included a discount code (eg, “Get 5% Off with coupon: disc5”). Duty-free promotions, which were the second most common form of price promotion in the sample, focused exclusively on cigarettes. Free samples, retail value-added tobacco and non-tobacco products, and branded non-tobacco items each comprised less than 3% of tweets for each product category. There were measurable numbers of e-cigarette tweets mentioning free samples and retail value-added products.
Number of tweets by promotion type
Although not a traditional price promotion, between 5% and 8% of tweets in each product category compared the price of one product with that of another. Comparisons were made between product categories and between brands. Most e-cigarette tweets (83%) implicitly or explicitly compared e-cigarettes with cigarettes. For example:Joining the rest of the people on the electronic cigs! Save shit loads!!
@[Twitter user #1] I've saved hundreds! These are just nicotine, few chemicals but not the 5000 that are in cigs, refill=200 cigs costs 8.50 x
Nine of the 10 cigarette tweets mentioning a price comparison favourably compared the price of dip with that of cigarettes. For example:RT @[Twitter user #2]: Can of dip=$2.17. Pack of cigs=$4.52. Half the price, twice as good, and 10 times healthier. Dont be dumb, save the lung
Tweet source
Of the 2682 tweets that included URLs, 95.7% were commercial in nature; that is, they linked to landing (55.6%; 95% CI 53.7% to 57.5%), vendor (35.0%; 95% CI 33.2% to 36.8%) or cross-industry promotional sites (5.1%; 95% CI 4.2% to 5.9%). Sixty-one per cent of commercial tweets mentioning a cessation product targeted specific Twitter accounts through user mentions:@[Twitter user #3] We're so proud of your decision to quit smoking! Here's a coupon for Nicorette to help you on your way: http://t.co/yFqaMCX0cI
@[Twitter user #4] The great news is you CAN quit smoking. Use this coupon for Nicoderm CQ to help jumpstart your quit: http://t.co/YY5RlUUtSd
Fewer than 3% (95% CI 1.8% to 2.9%) of tweets included a conversational mention of a price promotion, many of which discussed receiving unsolicited coupons for cigarettes or cessation products:I posted something on twitter about quitting smoking and Nicorette sent me a coupon. Bahahahahaha!!!!
RJ Reynolds must've heard I quit smoking. They sent me Camel coupons in the mail today. #QUITTEMPTINGME.
Discussion
This study is the first to characterise tobacco-related price promotions on Twitter. As in other research,5 the vast majority of tweets were commercial in nature. Our data indicate that price promotions for tobacco products regulated by the FDA (ie, cigarettes, cigarette tobacco, roll-your-own tobacco, smokeless tobacco) are far less common than price promotions for e-cigarettes. In our sample, we saw very few promotions for FDA-regulated tobacco products. Moreover, forms of promotion that are banned or restricted for these products (eg, free samples, branded non-tobacco items, retail value-added non-tobacco products) were extremely rare.
In contrast, price promotions for e-cigarettes abound on Twitter. Tweets advertise discounts and discount codes as well as forms of promotion that are banned or restricted for regulated tobacco products. Twitter users comment on the lower price of e-cigarettes relative to cigarettes. Future studies should examine the extent to which Twitter users, particularly youth, notice and retweet price promotion tweets or follow the URLs within them. Twitter is used by 33% of teens,9 and investigating the extent to which youth are engaging with these tweets could determine if Twitter plays any role in e-cigarette use initiation among youth.
Although this study focused on tobacco products, our analysis identified a number of cessation-related tweets, about a third of which promoted non-FDA approved cessation methods. Future research should investigate the spread of information about evidence-based and non-evidence-based cessation therapies through Twitter. Pharmaceutical companies also appear to market coupons via direct tweets to users, particularly those who mention quitting smoking.
Our study has several limitations. First, location information was not available for tweets in our sample, so we cannot be certain that they originated from within the USA, which is covered by the FSPTCA, as opposed to another country. We did exclude non-English tweets, and we know that of all countries in 2013, the USA represented the largest share of active Twitter users (24.3%).10 The UK, the predominantly English-speaking country with the second largest share of active users, represented only about 6% of active Twitter users.10 Still, the lack of valid location information remains a limitation for our study and a challenge for Twitter research as a whole. Previous research found that less than 1% of public tweets contained geographic information, and that such information, when disclosed, is often invalid (eg, representing a reference from popular culture).11
Second, our sample may be limited by the keywords used to collect tweets. Although we included a number of e-cigarette brand names in our list of keywords, we did not include brand names for other tobacco products (see online supplementary appendix). We conducted a brief analysis, using Twitter Firehose data accessed through Topsy.com, to determine how adding more brand names could have affected our results. Of all the tweets available through the Twitter Firehose during the study period, only 132 tweets contained the words “coupon” or “coupons” and one of the top cigarette brands:12 “Marlboro,” “Newport,” “Newports,” or “Camel.” Twenty-one per cent of these tweets would have been pulled from our original list of keywords because they contained a word like “cigarette” or “smoking,” and an additional 37% were irrelevant (eg, mentioning “Newport” in reference to “Newport Beach,” the colour “camel”) and would have been excluded. These results suggest that adding product brand names most likely would not have substantially affected our results. It is worth noting, however, that this analysis was conducted in January 2015, so the volume of tweets available through the Firehose then could have been lower than the volume of Firehose tweets on the date of extraction for the study. Tweets that have been deleted or that were from users who have closed their accounts or made them private since the date of extraction would not have appeared in the January 2015 data.13
Social media data can be challenging to analyse given their dynamic nature and massive volume. Researchers and regulators alike must nonetheless embrace this challenge since this study and others5 ,14 ,15 have demonstrated that the tobacco industry, especially e-cigarette companies, are using social media platforms to market their products. Our study provides one approach to sampling and analysing these data that can be used when a relatively small volume of data is acceptable.
What this paper adds
Despite the price-related restrictions in the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, people continue to be exposed to price promotions for tobacco products, especially over the internet.
No studies, to the best of our knowledge, have characterised the types of promotions (eg, free samples, discounts, promotional items, retail value-added promotions) disseminated on Twitter, taking into account the range of tobacco products.
In contrast to price promotions for tobacco products regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, price promotions for e-cigarettes abound on Twitter. Future studies should examine the extent to which Twitter users, particularly youth, notice or engage with these price promotion tweets.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Steven Binns and Anne Buffington for their assistance in coding the data.
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
- Data supplement 1 - Online appendix
Footnotes
Contributors CLJ conceived of and designed the study and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. RK and YK provided critical input into the development of the study. SE facilitated the acquisition of the data. All authors interpreted the findings, revised the manuscript for important intellectual content, and approved the final version.
Funding This work was supported by grant number CA154254 from the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health.
Competing interests KMR is a Special Government Employee and member of the Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee for the FDA Center for Tobacco Products, and CLJ is a part-time employee of the FDA Center for Tobacco Products. This publication represents their views and does not represent FDA position or policy. KMR has served as an expert consultant in litigation against cigarette manufacturers and internet tobacco vendors.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.