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Brief report
Smoke-free law did not affect revenue from gaming in Delaware
  1. L L Mandel,
  2. B C Alamar,
  3. S A Glantz
  1. Center for Tobacco Control, Research & Education, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
  1. Correspondence to:
 Professor Stanton A Glantz
 Center for Tobacco Control, Research & Education, University of California, San Francisco, 530 Parnassus Ave, Suite 366, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; glantzmedicine.ucsf.edu

Abstract

Objective: To determine the effect of the Delaware smoke-free law on gaming revenue.

Methods: Linear regression of gaming revenue and average revenue per machine on a public policy variable, time, while controlling for economic activity and seasonal effects.

Results: The linear regression showed that the smoke-free law was associated with no effect on total revenue or average revenue per machine.

Conclusion: Smoke-free laws are associated with no change in gaming revenue.

  • economics
  • gambling
  • gaming
  • public policy
  • tobacco smoke pollution

https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2004.008755

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    Supplementary materials

    • Erratum to Mandel, L; BC Alamar; and SA Glantz. Smokefree Law did not affect revenue from gaming in Delaware. Tobacco Control 14 (2005), 10-12.

      The results in the original publication reflect a data entry error. The revised table in this erratum present the results with this error corrected. Using the corrected data, White's test for heteroskedasticity rejected homoskedasticity (p = 0.016) in the case of total revenues. We corrected for the heteroskedasticity in total revenues by using a weighted least squares analysis using the inverse of the number of video lottery machines as the weight. White's test of the residuals from the weighted regression did not reject homoskedasticity (p=0.293). Average revenues were homoskedastic (p=0.13) so we continued to use an unweighted regression, as in the original paper. The analysis based on the corrected data confirms the results of the published paper, that the smokefree law had no effect on revenue from gaming in Delaware.



      Table 1. Estimated effects of the smokefree law

       

      Total Revenues

       (Weighted Least Squares)

      Average Revenue per Machine

      (Ordinary Least Squares)

      Unit

      ($million)

      ($/machine)

      Variable

      Estimate

      Standard Error

      p value

      Estimate

      Standard Error

      p value

      Plaw(unit/month)

      -2.404

      3.302

      0.468

      -1158.11

      745.10

      0.123

      Time (unit/month)

      0.612

      0.102

      <0.001

      96.47

      36.70

      0.010

      Time2(unit/month2)

      -0.005

      0.001

      <0.001

      -0.31

      0.278

      0.259

      Machines(unit/machine)

      0.003

      0.001

      0.024

      -2.424

      -2.762

      <0.001

      Income (unit/$million)

      7.568

      1.087

      <0.001

      10717.00

      467.00

      <0.001

      Winter

      -4.147

      0.872

      <0.001

      -1353.01

      314.79

      <0.001

      n

      101

       

       

      101

       

       

      R2

      0.669

       

       

      0.639

       

       

    Footnotes

    • This research was supported by National Cancer Institute Grant CA-61021